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Thus, as Ceruzzi fails to narrate, Algol is really the only common ancestor of usable programming languages, yet Ceruzzi dismisses Algol because it was not a commercial success. Algol was not a commercial success because IBM failed to support it in the decade from 1954 to 1964, and then attempted to usurp it with vaporware PL/I, for which IBM's programmers failed to develop an adequate compiler until the mid-1970s. Nonetheless, the block structure of Algol was found to be the only rational way of thinking about program structure as opposed to Fortran.
But Ceruzzi not only naturalizes American technical praxis along the dimensions of geography, he also naturalizes it along a temporal axis in which the mainframe era was a failed try at modern praxis.
Thus the "colorful" Herb Grosch does get his picture in Ceruzzi's book...and with his goatee poor Herb looks slightly fraudulent.
Grosch's law was so obviously self-serving from the standpoint of Herb's employer IBM; it was that the larger the computer, the power delivered increases exponentially. Herb left IBM in the late 1960s, and the history of how men like Herb were compromised (by the occlusion of their feelings and thoughts with corporate goals) is unwritten.
Herb's law was falsified by the discovery in the late 1960s that large computers (such as MIT's Multics) required such complex software that their promise could not be delivered, and today's law is Moore's law, which declares that microchip power will instead exponentially increase as the micros get smaller.
Common to both "laws" is the naturalizing error of neoclassical economics, which acts as if history does not exist. While it does appear today that Moore's law is still true as chip designs deliver what is miscalled computer "power" (the "power" to deliver wrong answers at high speed should be deconstructed) and is actually mere clock speed at an exponentially increasing rate, an historical perspective should remind us that this too, shall pass.
Making smaller chips is a labor process which has damaged the water-table of places like Silicon Valley and which represents the personal choices of venture capitalists to fund, entrepreneurs to entrep, and employees to choose to work in moon suits that are damned itchy at the end of the day.
Moore's law, like so many "laws" of neoclassical economics, declares that in 1971 we stumbled upon a fact of nature, like Parson Malthus observing the lads cavorting with milkmaids. It is secretly normative (like so many laws of the dismal science) in that it commands us to conform to this fact of nature as a ticket to adulthood.
Perhaps "computers are takin' over." But a critical history of technology, which to me is the only study worthy of the name of history, would read against the grain. It would narrate world praxis in hardware and in software as did a 1999 IEEE Transactions (in the History of Computers) which showed how the Swedes got by in the 1960s without IBM mainframes. It would narrate victim history, including the very interesting history of computer programmers who, it seems, have been an invisible class because they represent, all the way down, a counter-narrative to the dominant narrative of an autonomous technology to which we have to conform (for example, the biography of computer pioneer Ted Nelson is more interesting than that of John von Neumann.)
A very useful result of such a history would be applied, retro computing, for while mainstream historians like Ceruzzi are laying the past to rest, libraries, universities and other institutions are losing data through losing the software that formats and reads older data files. The XML (eXtended Markup Language) notation tries to address this problem as did Ted Nelson's Xanadu system but technical innovations, useful as they are, by definition do not address existing Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets (or the moldering Algol compiler I discovered at Princeton.)
I look to a book and software system on CD-ROM that would preserve, not the physical realization of outdated systems like the IBM 7090 or TRS-80, but their important features, which was the "architecture" they presented to their actual programmers. While building a retro computer encyclopaedia would be a formidable task, it would be made easier by describing the architectural interface of the computer in a form that a modern system can "compile" to a program that simulates the old computer, thereby presenting the user of the encyclopaedia with actual running examples of old software.
To modern-day crowds, trooping through the Smithsonian, computers are physical objects. But actual programmers know that computers are ideas in the mind, and a retro encyclopaedia would be a fascinating narrative of how Turing's idea created the postmodern era. It would also make clear that the old fraud, Marx, was right, for the value computers has created for society consists in a deep labor of understanding architectures enough to craft problem instructions, including the most despised yet most valuable instruction: "computer, here is a language in which I shall speak, and here is how you shall translate that language."
This is a grand yet critical narrative, for it shows that Leibniz was wrong. Let us not calculate (sir) let us communicate. I probably expect too much of poor Mr Ceruzzi, who appears to be of the tribe of people with which I made acquaintance at Princeton; the humanists who honestly apply their narrative skills to technology. But it appears that in America, no-one has answered Derrida's 1978 call for a critical reading of technology.
Ceruzzi made it simple for all to understand how computers came about from 1940s untill today.
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One may not always agree with Wright but he always raises important questions, interacts with the most important literature, and engages in profound and deep biblical exegesis.
I eagerly look forward to Wright's tome on this topic in the "Christian origins" series.
The other reviews were pretty fair. As for the fellow who only gave him one star, come on cake-walker... I'm a conservative, reformed evangelical too but "you gots to give Wright his props".
Please don't dismiss Wright because he doesn't tow the party line! He's one of the handful of scholars that I believe people will still be paying apt attention to 50 years or more from now.
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Patrick Krepps
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that tries to dismantle something the author simply does not understand. I suggest that this is not the book you are looking for.
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This book tries to answer these questions with a personal tone. As I read it I start to get a sense of the writers personalities and tastes, so that I can gauge my agreement with their opinions.
I wish the hotel and restaurant reviews shaded towards the high end a bit more. But I haven't found a series (I also have their guides to Europe and Mexico) that I can trust as well as this one.
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The book is three separate related novelettes. The first story features Isaac Biggs, captain of the foretop on the merchant bark Anne in 1810. It covers a time period of several days and deals with the problems and seamanship aboard the bark. There is a thieving third mate who intends to kill or injure Isaac. Having created this problem, the author extracts Isaac by having him pressed into service aboard an English frigate. No more is heard of the Anne or how the problems aboard were resolved. An additional chapter could have closed out this tale.
The second part of the book is a story about service aboard the British frigate Orpheus from 1810 to 1812. Isaac Biggs is a maintopman and plays a supporting role. The action skips forward rather quickly from 1810 to 1812 when the Orpheus leads a small squadron against a French convoy. Here the writing goes off track. The Orpheus is attacking a French brig, almost wrecking it completely with a couple of broadsides; then the brig is fighting like a frigate; then they board the brig; then they take off the captured officers who seem to be the complement from a frigate, etc. The author seems to lose track of where he is in the storyline, and seemed to forget that a brig was a lieutenant's command with perhaps 40 to 50 in the crew, no significant number of marines, and perhaps 12 four-pounder popguns for its armament (the light structure of a brig could not take the recoil of heavy guns). The story of the action against the French convoy is never completed, and the tale skips forward to a scene in a tavern in Nassau.
The third part of the book is about an American privateer commanded by Captain Smalley, formerly captain of the bark Anne. Isaac Biggs joins the tale at the midway point. Eventually Isaac is able to return to the United States. By placing three stories in the same book, the action becomes superficial at some points, jumping between points where action is very detailed. The repeated nautical commands for sail handling can get a bit tedious.
Clearly the author, Mr. White, knows his ships and his sailing. But that's like the special effects in a sci-fi movie, you have to care about the characters or else it's just a bunch of flashing lights. The author shows some potential as a writer, but it all reads a bit too amatureish -- like a first submission to a creative writing course. There are are way too many point of view shifts, so it can become difficult to remember who is who. Perhaps it was an intentional attempt at subtle parody, but I found it annoying to have very similar personality types in the role of junior officers on the the American Anne and the British Orpheus. And then, the story final seems to get going with a privateering raid -- and then they go home. Yes, it's the first book in a triology, but the story just stops -- it does not end.
I've also got to get this off my chest. The forward was written by someone who is supposed to be a professor of history at the Naval War College, yet his historical facts are wrong! James Barron, captain of the Cheasapeake during the Cheasapeake/Leopard affair was not killed in that action. He was courtmartialed and temporarily suspended from duty in the navy as a result of his role in the affair. His other claim to fame is that he was the one who killed Stephen Decatur several years later. Of course, none of this really matters since the none of the provocations for war (other than pressing sailors) was even mentioned in the novel --wasn't there something about "orders in council?"
Anyway, I don't recommend this book. I do not plan to purchase or read books two and three.
The honorable doctor, when talking about his master, mentions and impresses us with his somewhat skill but does not elaborate on the process of training, or give details of the environment for training. Many things were missing and they are as follows:
a. What was the name of the qigong method trained in?
b. How long did the actual training take place?
c. Is the training longer for an MD vis a vis one who has trained as a qigong practitioner?
d. Other than the master being from Heaven teaching a special technique, does he have other disciples that can elaborate on the skills necessary for the healing art of qigong.
Albeit, beginners will enjoy the book and perhaps be aware of the shadow world of qigong, meaning if more exposure is needed to make citizens aware of this potential healing method, more information has to be forthcoming to propel this from romanticism to real world results and not feel good new age bedtime stories.
I did feel good after reading the testimonials from the people mentioned so this is a good start.