Why? First off, anyone who's read Karl Popper knows that he was a phenomenal writer who could pack much content into any one sentence. Mark Notturno is not only that good, dare I say it, he may be better at it than Popper?! Whereas Popper's terseness occasionally led him to vagueries, Notturno is always crisp.
Second, books on Popper tend to rehash his views (which the authors either understand or not - 50/50). Notturno extends Popper's thought. Never quite disagreeing with any of it, Notturno does find fault with a few of Poppers vagueries and corrects them. The essay herein - "induction and demarcation" is notable as it focuses on Poppers tendency to mislead on certain views he held. The distinction between falsification and falsifiability, the problem not being of induction altogether but the fact that bad inductive conclusions, unlike deduction, will not point to a false premise, and from it the fact that Popper did not quite believe all induction to be invalid.
Some other good essays to note (in addition to the ones listed two reviews below) are "education and the open society" which is a good essay on why current education methods might fail (his similarity to John Dewey in this, and other, regards always amazes me). Also 'inference and deference' is a great article exposing the failure of logic to justify, contra popular philosophic practice, deference to authority. Not barring it outright, Notturno highlights two errors of thought that lead us to defer abdicatingly to authority: defensive thinking and poitical thinking. If there was an essay focusing solely on these two concepts (this one only devotes a few paragraphs) then I would've had to give the book seven stars. Also worthy of mention is the afterword "what is to be done" about post-communism and how a proper trainsitiion to a truly open-society can take place. In short, very good book. If you are a Popper fan and are tired of reading secondary books that only rehash, never expand, this is the best book I can think of.
All of the Chapters in "Science and the Open Society" are striking and contain worthwhile insights. As a whole they allow one to think about the corpus of Popper's work and the major themes he developed over the course of 60 years. In fact, Popper himself wrote no single work that would allow us to do that. Notturno, in providing that perspective here, gives us a bird's eye view that we must work much harder to get from Popper's work. If you seek an understanding of Popper, start with Notturno and then read Popper for yourself, with the context you need to actively grasp what Popper presents.
All of the book is valuable, but there are a few Chapters that stand out from my own perspective as a Knowledge Management practitioner. These are Chapter 10 on the choice between Popper and Kuhn, Chapter 7 on the meaning of world 3, Chapter 5, a brilliant account of the breakdown of foundationalism and justificationism and of how Popper's critical rationalism escapes from the problems inherent in these views and provides a basis for solving the problems of induction and demarcation, and Chapter 3 on the significance of critical rationalism for education in open societies. Here is a more detailed review of Chapters 10 and 7.
Chapter 10, "The Choice Between Popper and Kuhn: Truth, Criticism, and the Legacy of Logical Positivism," takes up again the task of proper reconstruction of the nature of science following the breakdown of logical positivism. Notturno shows that Popper and Kuhn took two contrasting roads in journeying from this crossroads of 20th century philosophy. He traces how Kuhn and the many who followed him took the road to relativism, institutionalism, and "political" science, while denying the possibility of external rational critques of governing paradigms. Popper, on the other hand, took the road to thoroughgoing fallibilistic truth-seeking, a path which rejected foundationalism and justificationism, and offered a view of scientific objectivity attained through shared criticism of alternative knowledge claims conjectured as solutions to problems. As Notturno puts it (P. 230): "The issue at base is whether science should be an open or a closed society." Notturno shows that its is Kuhn's choice that leads to the closed society, and Popper's that supports the idea that (P. 248) ". . . our scientific institutions should exist for the sake of the individual - for the sake of our freedom of thought and our right to express it - and not the other way around."
Chapter 7 is a careful account of Popper's controversial notion that there are at least three "worlds" or realms of ontological significance: (1) the material world of tables, atoms, buildings, lamps, etc., (2) the mental world of thoughts, beliefs, emotions, etc. and (3) the "world" of words and language, art, mathematics, music, and other human, non-material, but sharable and autonomous creations. Popper criticized monism, the doctrine that only the physical world exists, and dualism, the idea that there is only mind, matter, and the interaction between them, in favor of a broader interactionism among three realms. This idea has been among the most difficult of notions for people to accept.
To many (including Feyerabend and Lakatos who ridiculed it), it smacks of Platonism, even though Popper clearly distinguished his own world 3 ideas from platonic forms. But Popper's world 3 notions are critical to his ideas about the pursuit of truth, criticism and trial and error as the method of science and problem-solving, the growth of knowledge, and evolutionary epistemology. Popper's world 3 is also critical to knowledge management, because without it we can't sensibly talk about managing the interaction between subjective mental knowledge (world 2) and objective linguistic knowledge (world 3), and, one can argue, it is managing this interaction to enhance the growth of relevant knowledge that is knowledge management's greatest challenge and major preoccupation.
Of all the commentary I have seen on world 3 Chapter 7 is the best at simply stating what Popper meant by it, why the notion is important to critical rationalism and the growth of knowledge, why people have denied its importance, why world 3 is consistent with a thoroughgoing fallibilism, why world 3 is a denial of empiricist epistemology, why the notion of world 3 is not invalidated by the greatly over-rated "Ockham's Razor," why world 3 doesn't violate the principle of causality, and finally why world 3 is important in spite of the view of the Wittgensteinians that solutions to philosophical problems which world 3 is an instance of, are meaningless because such problems are themselves meaningless. And in the process of doing this commentary, Notturno presents and analyzes for us a wonderful story of an encounter between Popper and Wittgenstein (mediated by Bertrand Russell) at Cambridge on October 26, 1946, which in microcosm, illustrates the conflict between reason and authority, and the open society and the closed society. It was an encounter in which the master of the cold stare, the mystique of genius, and the pithy aphorism, found himself so frustrated by the master of critque and dialogue that he left the field of open debate in anger and disgust.
This one is a very cute tale of imagination.
GIRLFRIENDS...GET THIS BOOK!
Scott Hightower (72050.2350@compuserve.com)
Even though it's a bit old, every S Club fan should own this!
List price: $60.00 (that's 30% off!)
List price: $14.95 (that's 20% off!)
in the backwoods--especially the Deep South backwoods of Alabama.
Every novelist who wants to thrill and chill and puzzle a
late-night reader should spend a few days walking about in a
small town on the edge of a big wooded area deep in the heart of
The Heart of Alabama. Something's bound to happen if you hang
around long enough.
This novel presents a good/bad little slice of somebody
else's life--a life you might want to know about but certainly
would never want to live. Such lives are best left inside books
for us to peep into but never get too close to.
It's easy to look down on the people who inhabit this
book--until you realize that some of them have experienced the
same things as you. The character Holly is tortured by her
sadistic First Grade teacher and redeemed by her benevolent
Second Grade teacher. Strange, so was I. Holly's best friend
Billy turns into a fugitive from justice. Funny, I had friends
like that, too--even though I was not what folks in the 1940's
called a "country hick." I even knew friends who had seen UFO's,
just as Holly and Billy did. And so on. Even though this is a
backwoods story, a "city" reader like me can begin to realize
that we all share very similar backgrounds. It's just the
locations that are different. I even knew a serial killer-to-be
in high school, perhaps as demented as the killer in this little
Gothic novel.
Holly's friend Billy is a serial killer, but the reader
never quite understands why. Just like real life: the more we
study folks who don't behave properly, the less we understand
them. Some people are just plain beyond explanation. Billy's
murders are a bit too lovingly described by the author, who shows
more compassion for the killer than for any of his victims. Guess
that's what makes for interesting reading. The writer Robert
Bloch had that talent--his demented characters and their actions
were lovingly described, while things the "good guys" and "gals"
did seemed bland by comparison. Bloch's Norman Bates was by far
the most intriguing character in the novel PSYCHO--and the author
of SOMETHING DOWN THE ROAD is more interested in Billy Raston's
activities than in the goings-on of other people sprinkled
throughout this novel. Go figure--we remember Hannibal Lector,
Jack the Ripper and Norman Bates in great detail, but we seldom
dwell on the grief the victims and their families experienced.
It's easy to try and understand someone who exists only on
paper. Nice and encapsulated between covers, nice and imprisoned
so that we don't have to deal with that person, in person.
Nice little story. Horrible, a little sexy, a little sad,
and just enough in touch with reality to make you think it might
have happened.
--Jim Reed...