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A veritable treasure trove of Twainiana, The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain is a compendium of 301 entries organized in an A-Z format (actually an A-W format), from "Adam and Eve" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" to "Women's Rights" and "Work Habits."
The volume features a "Thematic List of Entries" that organizes the entries according to three categories:
Works: novels, travel narratives, sketches and tales, essays, journalism, other writings, unfinished works, spurious works, characters, styles and genres, language, humor, and scholarship and criticism.
Life: Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Mark Twain, family, friends and acquaintances, clubs, finances, professional associates, printing and publishing industry, work, places, tours, Clemen's reading, celebrity, and contemporaries.
Times: politics, philosophy, theology, religion, science and technology, education, arts, and social attitudes.
An entry titled "Critical Reception," written by David L. Smith, cites H. L. Mencken, who declares Twain "the noblest literary artist who ever set pen to paper on American soil, and not only the noblest artist, but also one of the most profound and sagacious philosophers. He dealt constantly and earnestly with the deepest problems of life and living, and to his consideration of them he brought a truly amazing instinct for the truth, an almost uncanny talent for ridding the essential thing of its deceptive husks of tradition, prejudice, flubdub and balderdash. No man, not even Neitzche [sic] "ever did greater execution against those puerilities of fancy which so many men mistake for religion, and over which they are so eager to dispute and break heads."
One of the delightful subcategories that rewards close study is "Humor," including amiable humor, burlesque, comic journalism, irony, off-color humor, parody, practical jokes, satire, and Southwestern humor.
For example, in the entry on "Satire," Twain speaks through the mouth of a fictional Satan in "Chronicle of Young Satan" to describe the aggressive nature of Juvenalian satire: "Your race, in its poverty, has unquestionably one really effective weapon--laughter. Power, money, persuasion, supplication persecution--these can lift at a colossal humbug--push it a little, weaken it a little, century by century, but only laughter can blow it to rags and atoms at a blast. Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand."
Like Nietzsche and Shakespeare, Twain was a consummate philosopher, as we discover by reading entries such as "Calvinism," "Determinism," "Naturalism," "Sentimentalism," "Realism," and "Utilitarianism."
In an entry on "The Age of Reason" (a provocative work by Thomas Paine), we learn that Twain's reading Paine's philosophical work was for him an intellectual watershed. We also discover how deeply Twain's world view was influenced by Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection (1859).
The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain is so rich in content that only a few hints can be made concerning its revelations. For example:
o Autobiography. Even though Twain was convinced that his Autobiography would be the most important work of his life, he published only a small fraction of it in his lifetime. No full edition of it has ever been published. In typescript, it fills three file-cabinet drawers in the Mark Twain Papers.
o Typewriter. Twain was fascinated with machines, and bought his first typewriter in 1874--only six years after they were patented and almost a decade before Remington began to mass-produce them. The first day he used it, Clemens typed a letter to William Dean Howells that read: "I DON'T KNOW WHETHER I AM OGING TO MAKE THIS TYPEWRITING MACHINE GO OR NTO." Eventually he got the hang of it and in 1882 he became one of the first authors to present a typewritten manuscript--Life on the Mississippi--as a copy text for typesetting.
o Censorship. Twain has two titles--The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer--on the American Library Association's list of the top fifty most banned books in America.
o Celebrity. Clemens was a major media celebrity, and managed to meet almost every famous person of his day, including Lewis Carroll, Matthew Arnold, Bram Stoker, most of Europe's nobility, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Helen Keller, P. T. Barnum, Winston Churchill, Booker T. Washington, H. G. Wells, most American presidents, Bret Harte, George Bernard Shaw, Thomas Alva Edison, and Edward, Prince of Wales. As he exclaimed to his beloved daughter Susy (whose untimely death was one of the great tragedies of Twain's life), "Whom haven't I met?"
o Trademark. Twain was the first writer to incorporate himself and trademark his name.
o Race Relations. For most of his life, racial discrimination in America was legally sanctioned, and for all of his life it was socially acceptable. By the 1860s Twain began to shed his own racist beliefs, particularly concerning Africans and Chinese. However, he held some bigoted opinions about the Irish and never overcame a racist outlook on Native Americans.
This volume features lengthy essays by major Mark Twain scholars, such as "The Dream of Domesticity," by Susan K. Harris; "Mark Twain's Reputation," by Louis J. Budd; and "Technology," by Bruce Michelson. It also includes a 47-page bibliography; a chronology of Twain's works; dozens of photographs and illustrations; a concluding article on "Researching Mark Twain" (including a section titled "e-Twain"--electronic resources and websites); numerous illustrations from Twain's first editions; a chronology of Twain's life, work, and times; and an extensive index.
The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain compares favorably with The Mark Twain Encyclopedia (1993) and Mark Twain A to Z (1995). Fans of "the man from Hannibal" will give it a prized place in their library.
Mark Camfield is Professor of English at the University of the Pacific, and author of Sentimental Twain: Samuel Clemens in the Maze of Moral Philosophy and Necessary Madness: The Humor of Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century American Literature.
Roy E. Perry of Nolensville is an amateur philosopher and Civil War buff. He is an advertising copywriter at a Nashville publishing house.
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