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Following an introductory overview, the authors cover background material in five chapters. The soil environment is explained. A triangular soil classification graph displays the classes of soil texture, rated according to the proportions present of sand, clay, and silt. Additionally, the authors treat the effects of soil gases, moisture, porosity and other factors on the fate (destruction or preservation) and transport of contaminants through soil bodies. Methods are presented for calculating the distribution of organics between soils and liquids, and between liquids and vapors. The use of Henry's Law is featured for the latter. (Incidentally, a recent reference that will be helpful in providing measured data and best estimates for transport and physical properties of representative organics is "Chemical Properties Handbook" by Carl L. Yaws (McGraw-Hill, 1999).)
Two chapters, "Microbial Ecology" and "Metabolism and Energy Production", provide basic information on types of microorganisms, stimulating cell growth, and maintaining cell health. This emphasis on biological basics highlights the greater contemporary importance of biological than chemical and other methods of destruction of organic contaminants in soils. Attention is focused on bacteria, the most abundant group of microorganisms in soil and groundwater; also the group that plays the major role in biodegrading toxic and otherwise offensive organic contaminants.
A chapter is devoted to the chemical reactions occurring during biodegradation, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, bond rupture, and dehalogenation.
In the final four chapters, the authors explain the engineering tasks involved in applying the fundamental principles covered in the earlier chapters. They describe the characteristics of in-situ treatment, and then solid-phase, slurry-phase, and vapor-phase bioremediation. In-situ treatment can be highly favored over removal of soil or water to an off-site location for treatment because of economic, schedule, logistic, and other constraints. Providing balance, the inherent difficulties of in-situ work are also covered. There are always some uncertainties about: subsurface soil structure, water bodies, and contaminant distribution. Factors involved in the major remediation methods of: "pump, treat, and injection", "air sparging", and "bioventing" are covered.
A chapter on "Solid Phase Bioremediation" covers the landfarming ( spreading soil to be treated no more than a few feet deep over large land areas) and composting options. In composting systems, various types of covered piles of contaminated soils are maintained with control of nutrients, moisture, oxygen content, and temperature. "Slurry Phase Bioremediation" is something like stirred-tank reactor processing in the chemical industry with microbes replacing catalysts. Microbes and their nutrients, and catalysts and their supports, must be carefully chosen. With proper operation to prevent microbe death and catalyst poisoning or deactivation, both materials may be used in the next batch or in continuous operation. The reactors are large, enclosed, storage tanks provided with feed and discharge ports, agitation, and temperature control. Slurry phase work is also shown to be amenable to existing uncovered, lagoons when contaminant volatilization is not a problem. Floating agitators have been used in those cases.
The last chapter describes, and provides designs and parameters for, "Vapor Phase Biological Treatment". VOCs are almost always present in the off-gases of soil or groundwater treatment. The authors summarize the pros and cons of currently used vapor-phase pollution control technology, such as adsorption and thermal and catalytic oxidation. They then present the case for "biofilters" or "biotrickling" filters. The former has microbes kept alive with nutrients and supported on various kinds of media. Off-gas vapors are blown in at the tower bottom, pass through the media, and exit at the top. The latter differs in that water spray is added at the top and nutrient solution is collected at the bottom and is recycled to the top. In either case, operation must control plugging of the media and thereby prevent a high vapor delta P through the column.
A useful Appendix table provides properties, including Henry's Law constant at 20 deg.C, for about 80 organics currently found in hazardous wastes.
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What I found was some very interesting, but short arguments against certain Reagan era policies mainly focused on the deficit and missile programs. The arguments were not knew if you have read some on the Reagan years and the predictions are proving to be on the money as the years go by. It was interesting, given the author's history and position, his view of the 80's and some of his arguments were not what I would have expected from a Democrat. Given these few positives I finished the book but ended thinking that I gained very little from reading it. If you are a huge fan of the Senator or just want a starter book on the arguments against some of the Reagan positions then you might enjoy the book, if you have read a number of books on the topic then you will be disappointed.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan shows that there was mature dissent during the Reagan years. Mature in that he took on the Reaganites on there own terms and avoided the simplistic ranting of those who saw no problem with the explosion of government during the 1970's.
Moreover, this collection serves as an encyclopedia of political wit (see the Gridiron Club address), prophecy (i.e. triple digit deficits and the fall of the Soviet Union), and the function of government.
Highly recommended for those seeking sophisticated agruments to demonstrate that Reagan and "Reaganism" did not have a positive influence on this country.
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I was particularly fond of his treatment (OK, his opinions) of occult and witchcraft. Those two subjects make fantastic newpaper copy and the stories throw long shadows.
I think the book would be much stronger with a slightly different organization. As a parent, I am particularly interested in "cult-proofing" my children. Unfortunately, that material is sprinkled over many chapters.
I strongly encourage Mr. Cohen to develop a "quick test" that young adults can use as a litmus test when approached by possible Branch Davidians. The test (list) would not require absolute accuracy. The objective of the test is to separate wolves from sheep, not to identify sub-species of wolf.
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Appropriate emphasis is put on Boone's important role in the opening up and settlement of Kentucky. Boone proved to be the ideal man for this time. The author's style, vigorous and simple like the subject's life conveys the pioneer spirit and suggests the frontier speech without reproducing the idiom in tedious detail. The lithographs of pioneers and Indians--done in black, brown and forest green--enhance the epic proportions of the narrative.
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The book might have been more interesting if he had looked farther afield for his content.