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Merkur contends that the miraculous Manna of Exodus fed by Moses to the Israelites, was a psychoactive substance, namely a bread or biscuit made from ergotised grain. Ergot being a parasitic fungus of cereal plants from which the powerful hallucinogen LSD was derived. Unfortunately, no-one to-date has successfully bio-assayed a simple preparation of ergot, such as would be have been available to the ancients, demonstrating powerful psycho-activity without toxic side effects. The known toxicity of ergot would in fact make this a very dangerous exercise. Experiments to date with pure ergot derived alkaloids of limited toxicity have been inconclusive. Speculations about different ergot type fungi, infecting different grains and possible ancient methods of successfully isolating psychoactive components remain just that for the time being. This is in strict contrast to the other known naturally occurring psychoactives such as psilocybin and amanita mushrooms, cannabis, opium, datura with an ancient history of religious usage, still in use by shamans and thoroughly explored by modern investigators.
Despite Merkur's conviction that he has found unassailable evidence that the Manna of Exodus and elsewhere in the Bible was a psychedelic, the initial textual evidence is really only strongly suggestive, involving as it does a minor scriptural revision and an implicit rather than explicit relationship between eating Manna and seeing the 'Glory of God'. Thereafter, the bulk of his book rests significantly on the evidence of literary juxtapositions of references to Manna and journeys of ecstatic ascent, in a variety of mystical traditions from the New Testament to the Holy Grail, again without the connection being made explicit. These veiled references are taken as evidence of a secret tradition and there is actually little doubt that journeys of ecstatic ascent such as those of the Book of Enoch, Saint Paul and the Prophet Mohammed were sometimes accomplished through the use of psychoactives. Clear testimony to this exists in the Zoroastrian scripture 'Arda Wiraz Namag', where such a journey is accomplished by means of a narcotic, possibly cannabis, henbane or both. There is near universal scholarly recognition that later scriptural journeys of ecstatic ascent to the various levels of heaven, in the company of angelic guides, are in the ancient shamanistic tradition and psychoactives are the shaman's method par excellence of visiting the other world. However, moving from evidence that is the strongly suggestive to the cognoscenti and enthusiasts of the plant drug theory of the origins of religious ideas, to hard evidence that will convince a sceptical critic is an important jump that I don't think is made in Merkur's book. In addition, mushrooms would appear a more obvious contender for the original Manna as a psychoactive that appears overnight and is prone to rapid infestation with worms. One must bear in mind though that there may be a mixture of traditions here.
In the case of Merkur's thesis, as with the similar work of other authors before him, such as that of Gordon Wasson, John Allegro and Schwartz and Flattery, what matters most is the light thrown on the likely role played by psychoactives in the development of world religions and the examination of associated traditions, rather than whether the author's particular argument in respect of the role played by a particular psychoactive, in a specific tradition is right or wrong. A commonality of such scholarship is the conviction of each author has that his proposed psychoactive candidate for a particular religious tradition is the correct one. There is in fact strong evidence that a wide variety of psychoactive plants have been used since time immemorial to obtain states of religious ecstasy and communion and given the massive time scales and movements of people involved it is likely that people have mixed and matched according to what they knew and what was available. Most significantly, a respected scholar of the mystical tradition in Judaism, Islam and Christianity, Merkur has revised his caution as expressed in his book 'Gnosis : An Esoteric Tradition of Mystical Visions and Unions' regarding suggestive references to angel's bread and other heavenly foods.
Merkur applies a rigorous methodology which probably reflects his not only academic background and but also his own conviction that he is right even though he cannot produce really hard evidence, which is not surprising a concerning a tradition that was a secret. This book could easily have been written as a sensational pop-occult pot-boiler, uncritically drawing dramatic conclusions from sources that are really only suggestive. In fact, the rigour of the book's presentation requires close and careful reading to understand its arguments, even for those already interested by the subject matter and ready if not eager to be convinced. The literary references that Merkur has identified and other groundwork he has done will be of even greater value once other evidence for psychoactive drug use in the Judaeo-Christian tradition eventually emerges and when the toxicity versus psychoactivity problems of the ergot thesis are resolved. Dan Merkur's new book 'Manna, Meditation, and Mystical Experience' which elaborates on his original thesis has just been published.
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To do justice to Leibniz is to immerse oneself in this great labrynth of thought. Perhaps one day a Renaissance of Leibnizian studies will flourish on the account of this collection.
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The story is at its best in revealing Venezuela: its jungle beauty (a plane flight over the Angel Falls), its turbulent economy, its shaky politics, its people. It is at its worst propping up a May-December romance between Sam and the film-maker. The narrative is strong, unpredictable, and handles plenty of action clearly. Overall, a very good read except a point taken away for the romance.
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Although some may consider it highly speculative, Stephen Davis' topic was very interesting. Its basic thesis was as follows: If we assume that Jesus really was raised from the dead and appeared to other people, then what kind of "seeing" was involved by those to whom Jesus appeared? Craig's article was a strong critique of John Dominic Crossan's reconstruction of the events surrounding Jesus' death and (non) burial. Padgett wrote about the need for religious historians to recognize the impossibility of "scientifically proving" the resurrection, and the necessary component of faith for any belief in it.
While this book contains much helpful material, I felt it lacked cohesiveness. After finishing one article, the next one might be on an entirely unrelated topic. If you can get past this shortcoming, you will find something of value. If I had the option, I'd give this book 3.5 stars.
While it gives a good account of the some of the deeds performed by Morgan's men, it should have been more centered on the entire group not just a few. Maybe there will be a follow up with more emphasis on the entire regiment?
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I think the book is more of an doccumentry type of book more than a noval, but that's fine because the over all fact is that I enjoyed reading your book. I think it was rather interesting, especially the charicters that were in the book.
I really did not see any point in the book to be honest with you. One thing I think that you could include in your book is more action, because more action would have made the book more interesting.
Great job over all!