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To quote directly from the Report: Risks projected from epidemiological studies of chlorinated drinking water and risks projected from toxicological studies in animals are quite different, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results of epidemiological studies identify a high level of risk from bladder cancer and to a lesser extent, colon cancer in humans consuming chlorinated drinking water (as many as 10,000 cases per year). In contrast, among the DBPs that have been selected for toxicological studies, risk has been identified for liver, kidney and colon cancer, but collectively at much lower levels of estimated risk than for epidemiological studies.
The difficulty arises because the epidemiological studies available cannot establish causality, in part because no bladder carcinogen has been found in toxicological studies of chlorination by-products. On the other hand, only a handful of the by-products produced in chlorination have been studied toxicologically. Thus, the basis of this difference is the critical question related to whether or not chlorination of drinking water needs to be substantially modified or discontinued as a method of disinfecting drinking water.
Included in this Report is a new updated review of DBPs, a synopsis of occurrence and available toxicological data with a notable increase in the sophistication of the available data over material previously published. To assist readers, a chapter is provided to facilitate a better understanding of how the decision-making process for establishing safe levels for chemicals has changed in recent years, especially with regard to carcinogens and of the use of epidemiological data. Also included are chapters devoted to both practical considerations for water treatment plant operators and ways to communicate effectively with the water consuming public about drinking water issues. - Reviewer - Australian Water Association
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This book, which reveals what it is like to be institutionalzied, given shock and insulin treatments and more, should be read by anyone interested in the ongoing debate about whether medication or psychoanalysis is the best treatment for those facing mental illness.
I should note that Daniels has been getting renewed media attention of late for her funding of an innovative program which allows writers and artists to get free or low-cost therapy for a period of several years. If (as I expect) psychoanalysis proves yet again to have significant value, perhaps the pendulum in the mental health field will swing back from using primarily medications to treat those with depression and other mental illnesses. Someday psychiatrists, psychologists and others in the field may even use analysis and no meds and stop handing out meds like water (now THAT'S a revolutionary thought these days!).
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