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The 61-page Introduction is important. It covers the literary sources, development of the traditions, religious relations, authorship, date and place, selected aspects of theology, purpose, and structure of the Gospel. It is rich in theological ideas. It was "as if scales falling from the eyes" as B-M listened to his mentor, C. H. Dodd, explain the structure of the episodes of the Book of Signs (chapters 2-12), each episode consisting of sign plus discourse, and each encapsulating the whole Gospel. He realized that that was probably due to the Evangelist's preaching, as the Evangelist expounded the significance of the traditions in the light of Christ's death and resurrection. Now a familiar observation in Johannine studies, the concept that much of the Fourth Gospel was the product of preaching must have been a creative thought then. New insights have continued to flow unabated as scholars delved into the depths of this Gospel. Nowhere is it more apparent than in the discussion of the Gospel's dual nature, simultaneously depicting the historical ministry of Jesus and the situation and faith of the Johannine community some 50(?) years later. "The Evangelist sets the historical ministry of Jesus in Palestine in indissoluble relation to the ministry of the risen Lord in the world" (xlvii). If Luke traces the origins of the Church in two volumes, one [his Gospel] of Jesus and the other [Acts] of the risen Christ acting through his disciples, John presents the historical Jesus and Jesus the risen Lord together in one book and a single perspective. B-M masterfully sketches in succession how each of several scholars has treated this theme, in the process displaying a fascinating interplay of ideas.
Several other important themes that recur in the commentary proper make their first appearance in the Introduction. While the Kingdom of God is scarcely mentioned [only in vv. 3:3,5], "every line of the Fourth Gospel is informed by it" (xxxiv). The Paraclete actualizes the words and deeds of Jesus in the life of the Church -- the Fourth Gospel itself "is a supreme example of the truth and application of the Paraclete doctrine which it contains" (liii). The concept of Son of God (closely associated with Son of Man) is the prevailing characteristic of Johannine Christology. The glorification of Jesus coincides with his crucifixion (unlike Isaiah's Servant who is exalted because and after he had suffered). The realized eschatology of John is not to be divested of its future aspect (contrary to Bultmann). All these, and more, are elements that B-M uses in the commentary discussions of John's theology, which turns out to be largely Christology. In the end you have to agree with him, "The theme of the Fourth Gospel is Christ" (lxxxi).
In common with other scholars, B-M accepts a four-part structure of the Gospel: (A) The Prologue; (B) The Public Ministry of Jesus, otherwise referred to as the Book of Signs (Dodd, Brown); (C) The Passion and Resurrection of Jesus, also known as as the Book of the Passion (Dodd) or the Book of Glory (Brown); and (D) Epilogue. He expresses a reservation, though, concerning the nomenclatures "Book of Signs" and "Book of Passion/Glory", since he considers that the WHOLE Gospel may be viewed as a book of signs and as a book of the passion and glory of Jesus. As he interacts with the established figures of Johannine scholarship, B-M does not hesitate to disagree as well as to cite approvingly, for he is a Johannine expert in his own right. He argues his case very well indeed, but to get the benefit of it you have to read thoughtfully. B-M is never shallow and merits careful study. Knowledge of some Greek will help, but you can still gain a great deal without. Running to about 600 pages, as compared for example with Brown's two-volume, 1200-page work (Anchor 29, 29A), this commentary is necessarily less detailed. But as a presentation of modern Johannine study coupled with the author's independent understanding, it is certainly a noteworthy effort.
The second edition (1999) is identical with the first (1987), with the addition of supplementary bibliographies and reviews of a number of significant books on John that had appeared since the first edition (for example, John Ashton's important "Understanding the Fourth Gospel"). The commentary follows WBC's usual format. Some find the format "unfriendly", but it is not so. The usual gripe that references are given in line with the text (not in footnotes) hardly deserves notice. If you are ready to go beyond introductory expositions of the Fourth Gospel, give this book serious consideration.
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The papers in this book covers both theoretical aspects and empirical analyses, but one cannot say that they contain a theory about what sublanguages is and how they develop the way they do. Such a perspective is found in the German socioliguist Ulich Ammon's (1973/1977) book. According to Ammon we can make a distinction between common language and Languages for Special Purposes (LSP). The common language is that part of a natural language that is almost uniform among all members of a society and which refer to commonly known things, affairs, and thoughts. LSP on the other hand separates members of a society from each other and refer to things, affairs, and thoughts, which are special for parts of social life. LSP are especially developed in relation to the working life, but also exists in the sphere of consumption, where many hobbies have LSP. Ammon finds that different LSP can vary in their distance to the common language. According to him, this distance is depending of the distance between the working sphere where it is used and the sphere that is common for the whole society, which in his theoretical view is the sphere of consumption. Below is shown how he explains the relative difficulties of different LSP as a function of their distance from the sphere of consumption: (1). The sector for the manufacturing of means of production. No direct connection to the sphere of consumption. The Language for special purpose (LSP) is therefore very different from common language. (2)- The sector for the manufacturing of consumer goods in a broad sense. This sector is closer to the sphere of consumption, where the products end up (although mostly brought about by sector 3). (3). The sector for the distribution of consumer goods. To a certain degree is the language for special purposes here a part of the common language (e.g., "Fiat 128" or the cake "goose breasts"). The consumers and the producers/distributors does however emphases different aspects. (4) The state sector, which regulates the overall social life. Even if state politics, administration of justice, finances, etc. is relevant for all citizens, this sector represents still typical LSP, far removed from common language (which by Ammon is seen as a social disproportion). In my opinion is this also a relevant theory for information-seeking studies because it can help explaining terminological problems and provide guidelines for working with thesauri and subject terminology. There is, however an even deeper cause. Because information seekers need terminology and because there is a connection between linguistic knowledge and substantial knowledge, such a theory might help explaining problems in cross-disciplinary information seeking. It might explain what knowledge and what terminology is not a part of the normal persons' repertoire. The fundamental principles of LSP are determined on the one hand by different groups' different communicative needs, and on the other hand by an economic principle, which reduces the use of redundant information. In a firm the purchasing department must have more precise terms for tools than the workers, who manufacture the goods. The term "tongs for spot weld" could be used by the people in the purchasing department, while just "tongs" would more likely be used by the workers using it. Sublanguages are of rather obvious importance for information science, but have so far been much neglected, because a domain-specific approach (Hjørland & Albrechtsen, 1995) is a rather new thing. As pointed out by Buckland (1999) terminology is a central issue in research on digital libraries.
Ammon, Ulich (1977). Indføring i sociolingvistik. Kbh.: Gyldendal. (Translated from "Probleme der Soziolingvistik", 1973).
Buckland, M. (1999) Vocabulary as a Central Concept in Library and Information Science.
Hjørland, B. & Albrechtsen, H. (1995). Toward A New Horizon in Information Science: Domain Analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 46(6), 400-425.
1. Sublanguages: LinguisticPhenomenon, Computational Tool. Naomi Sager.
2. Sublanguage Analysis. John Lehrberger.
3. The Status of Telegraphic Sublanguages. E. Fitzpatrick et al.
4. Sublanguage and knowledge. Jerry R. Hobbs.
5. The Use of Machine-Redable Dictionaries in Sublanguage Analysis. D. E. Walker & R. A. Amsler.
6. Automatic Structuring of Sublanguage Information: Application to Medical Narrative. Carol Friedman.
7. General Semantic patterns in Different Sublanguages. Elaine March.
8. A Sublanguage for Reporting and Analysis of Space Events. C. A. Montgomery & B. C. Glover.
9. Constraining the Interpretation of Nominal Compounds in a Limited Context. T.W. Finin.
10. The Role of Syntax in the Sublanguage of Medical Diagnostic Statements. G. Dunham.
11. How One Might Automatically Identify and Adapt to a Sublanguage: An Initial Exploration. J. Slocum.
12.Discovering Sublanguage Structures. L. Hirschman
The papers in this book cover both theoretical aspects and empirical analyses, but one cannot say that they contain a theory about what sublanguages are and how they develop the way they do. Such a perspective is found in the German socioliguist Ulich Ammon's (1973/1977) book. According to Ammon we can make a distinction between common language and Languages for Special Purposes (LSP). The common language is that part of a natural language that is almost uniform among all members of a society and which refer to commonly known things, affairs, and thoughts. LSP on the other hand separates members of a society from each other and refer to things, affairs, and thoughts, which are special for parts of social life. LSP are especially developed in relation to the working life, but also exists in the sphere of consumption, where many hobbies have LSP. Ammon (1977) finds that different LSP can vary in their distance to the common language. According to him, this distance is depending of the distance between the working sphere where it is used and the sphere that is common for the whole society, which in his theoretical view is the sphere of consumption. In the figure below is shown how he explains the relative difficulties of different LSP as a function of their distance from the sphere of consumption: (1).The sector for the manufacturing of means of production. No direct connection to the sphere of consumption. The Language for special purpose (LSP) is therefore very different from common language. (2)- The sector for the manufacturing of consumer goods in a broad sense. This sector is closer to the sphere of consumption, where the products end up (although mostly brought about by sector 3). (3). The sector for the distribution of consumer goods. To a certain degree is the language for special purposes here a part of the common language (e.g., "Fiat 128" or the cake "goose breasts"). The consumers and the producers/distributors does however emphases different aspects. (4) The state sector, which regulates the overall social life. Even if state politics, administration of justice, finances, etc. is relevant for all citizens, this sector represents still typical LSP, far removed from common language (which by Ammon is seen as a social disproportion).
In my opinion is this also a relevant theory for information-seeking studies because it can help explaining terminological problems and provide guidelines for working with thesauri and subject terminology. There is, however an even deeper cause. Because information seekers need terminology and because there is a connection between linguistic knowledge and substantial knowledge, such a theory might help explaining problems in cross-disciplinary information seeking. It might explain what knowledge and what terminology is not a part of the normal persons' repertoire. The fundamental principles of LSP are determined on the one hand by different groups' different communicative needs, and on the other hand by an economic principle, which reduces the use of redundant information. In a firm the purchasing department must have more precise terms for tools than the workers, who manufacture the goods. The term "tongs for spot weld" could be used by the people in the purchasing department, while just "tongs" would more likely be used by the workers using it.
Sublanguages are of rather obvious importance for information science, but have so far been much neglected, because a domain-specific approach (Hjørland & Albrechtsen, 1995) is a rather new thing. As pointed out by Buckland (1999) terminology shout be a central issue in research on digital libraries...
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