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My biggest problems are the illustrations. I don't like the drawing style itself, but the content of the pictures perplex me. The drawings are somewhat crude to say the least, and I couldn't understand the relationship between the picture and the text. I can understand there being a little cartoon of people in an orgy when the text is talking about Barthes' perception of Sade's literary work.pictures. But a lot of the other illustration had sexual content where I couldn't see its relevance to the text. I expect to see that kind of art in Indy comics, not in a book that talks about semiotics and the like.
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First, the overall writing quality is poor, to say the least. It seems like the book is totally unedited. Now, I have nothing against a "basement production" kind of book, but El-Amin sinks to such a poor level of writing that his points become obscured.
Organization also appears to be nonexistant - or if it exists, it is in a way I do not really understand. The book basically goes through the topics of Islam that the author finds interesting on a point-by-point basis. It is hard to find any central ideas, other than the pro Al-Islam message. Often El-Amin states his opinion regarding something without providing the background information so that someone not intimately familiar with the Al-Islam movement would even know what the issue is. This really undermines the usefulness of the book.
Finally, the book has a rather ...-like tone. This shows when El-Amin presents information as if it is an undisputed factual event, and does not discuss or describe the event in any sort of meaningful detail. Ultimately, many of the events that he mentions - but NOT discusses - are not at all at the level of "accepted facts." An example of this would be El-Amin's breif treatment of what happened to the Nation of Islam after Elijah Mohammad's death in 1975. El-Amin is quick to say that basically all of the members of the Black Muslim movement consolidated under Wallace Deen, Elijah Mohammad's son. However this is far from fact - and it would have been much more interesting to hear a less simplistic account of the post-1975 Nation of Islam than El-Amin seemed ready to provide.
Overall, this book is not really useful as either a scholarly work or as a popular introduction to Al-Islam.
It didnot take Malcolm long to gain the trust of his teacher. Mr Muhammed gave Malcolm the okay to open new Temples all over the country. Elijiah Muhammed promoted Malcolm to a Minister position in New York, in addition to be named the first National Represenative of Elijiah Muhammed and the NOI.
A scandle, a jealous intercircle and the insecurities of Mr. Muhammed forced Malcolm X out of the Nation. Although he (Mr. Muhammed) claimed that he was going to suspend Malcolm X because of what he said regarding the death of John F. Kennedy; it was just the thing he needed to rid himself of his greatest student. Elijiah Muhammed was told by his intercircle of advisiors that Malcolm was trying to takeover the Nation. When Malcolm interviewed some of the women whith whom had romances with is leader Malcolm discovered that Elijiah was jealous of him. "He loves you brother Malcolm" one of the women told him. Then sshe said that he (Elijiah Muhammed) thought that he would betray him. When Malcolm's suspention passed the ninety day period, it accurred to him that he was forced out.
When Malcolm X was dismissed from the NOI he launged his own organizations. The programs he designed were the Muslim Mosque INC. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Some of the members of the Nation of Islam parted with Malcolm, and left a bitter, angry, hostile, and deadly atmosphere that lead to Malcolm's death on Febuary 21, 1965.
Although his life was short lived Malcolm X did discover the real beauty of Al-Islam. Short after breaking from Mr. Muhammed Malcolm went to Mecca. Malcolm's was amazed by the spirt of universal Islamic brother that he felt in the holy city. In a letter to his wife and followers Malcolm said " I have eaten from the same plate, and dranked from the same cut from men who's eye's where blue as the sky, and we are all the same. He felt that Islamic teachings can destroy the cancer of White superiority, and Black inferiority from all people.
Malcolm was and still is a grat Afro-American Icon. His love for his Family, his faih, and Black people have lead us to insire to be just like him. Some said that he was a head of his time but perhaps we were the ones who were late.
Malcolm's committment to Al-Islam lead him to greater spirtual hights.
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The European Environment Agency (EEA) adds to this discussion by looking into the past. Always a good thing to think historically about risks and technology. The presentation of those historical examples of technology gone wrong leaves one wondering, however, whether or not the scientific representation is up to par.
Clearly it is not. However, not to the layman. One needs to be aware of all the scientific ins and outs to spot the possible biases. One example I myself am quite familiar with is the antibiotic case discussed by the EEA (chapter 9 in the downlodable version). Blatant omissions from the scientific discussion (leaving out essential scientific literature) spurs the authors of this chapter to a banal and trivial conclusion (p. 98 of the downloadable version):
'As the risks involved are of uncertain magnitude, the decisions on risk management are particularly difficult. The risk can obviously not be excluded with certainty, nor can it be de-termined as acceptable. In a climate of uncertainty it is preferable to show caution. In this situation decision-making needs to involve precaution, particularly when it is unacceptable, inhuman and unethical to wait for ultimate proof, when human fatalities could be involved.'
Of course this conclusion can be drawn for any case, not just this one. Moreover no amount of scientific research will ever result in certainty. The conclusion presented here in the EEA report is not in need of any scientific deliberation. It could do well without ten pages of scientific reviewing, whether or not biased in nature. Furthermore, the authors revert to the fallacy of an appeal to motives in place of support. They regard not invoking the PP as unacceptable, inhuman and unethical. Of course this is beside the point as it has very little to do with the scientific discourse at hand.
This brings me to the philosophical side of the issue. Any type of human action or inaction is fraught with uncertainty and therefore prone to the PP. So how to chose? The problem is that risks of one kind or another are on all sides of regulatory choices, and it is therefore impossible to avoid running afoul of the principle. The PP promotes irrational behaviour by the assumption that regulating target risks (the historical examples presented in the EEA study) is overall beneficial ánd that the costs of risk avoidance with only the specific target risks in view can be met on any scale -which is clearly not the case. Moreover, this asymmetry is enhanced by the fact that those who invoke the PP -the policymakers- do not need to adhere to it themselves despite the fact that any human intervention holds uncertainties for the future.
The EEA treats the PP as though it were an exogenous panacea for environmental and social ills. In other words: market risks warrants governmental regulation. But government regulation is not an exogenous solution to environmental risks; it is itself an endogenous and fallible human activity, and as such it can create risks. Risks that are as real as the risks of market (economic) activities: care can cure but care can also cripple.
The odd thing is that no discussion what so ever is presented by the EEA on the problems of the PP. Not a single reference to the ever growing scientific literature highly critical of the PP. Whichever side one choses, within the scientific discourse one has to deal with scientific criticism from both sides.
My conclusion therefore must be that the EEA did not so much present a scientific piece of work on this issue but made a political statement on how to deal with risk. It is part of the 'ecological critique' of the Western World which Anna Bramwell described so well in her 'Ecology in the twentieth century'. The PP fits well with a misanthropic view of progress combined with a relativistic perspective on science. Therefore the PP empowers bureaucracy as the scientific check and balances are side-tracked in its implementation. Indeed a recipe for increasing social and political struggles and stagnating economies.
The book received a warm welcome in the scientific press, and the quality of the writing shows why. Where there is doubt in research, the book discusses it honestly. It also shows why problems frequently aren't addressed until after financial or health damage has been done, for example the compound (government) system failures that caused the BSE crisis in the UK. Of note is what has been omitted: the low-hanging fruit of (say) second-hand smoking, thalidomide, DDT, and lead in petrol would have made a separate book.
Another of the questions asked of the contributors concerns costs versus benefits -- for example, there is a discussion of whether the health (and, ultimately, financial) problems of asbestos were offset by the safety benefits, employment opportunities and so on. Combined with an unbiased and non-accusatory tone throughout the book, it makes an invaluable contribution to a field overrepresented by polemics.
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Though a number of books have been written about the Bubble, this one is written as a narrative which revolves around three different personalities: John Law, John Blunt, and Robert Walpole. Balen uses these three and other people who lived through the time of the Bubble to give the reader an idea of what the atmosphere of those heady times were like. One quickly sees many parallels to the tech bubbles of out own time, with its grand promises of easy wealth before reality rudely crashes the party.
The Secret History is an excellent primer for those readers that have never read about the South Seas Bubble before and is very enjoyable reading even for those who are well acquainted with the facts. After reading this book, you may never see scandals like Enron, Worldcom, and others in quite the same light again.
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The second half of the novel is a satire on American academia (with more culture-clash stuff thrown in).
There are amusing moments, but the story is stretched beyond its proper length and becomes less and less interesting as a result. The only saving grace is the style of writing - very easy to read.
Englishman James Walker, a struggling writer, is invited to Benedict Arnold University, in the American town of Party (oh, the hilarity of invented names), to be writer-in-residence for the year. He accepts the offer and moves to the States, where the English department is peopled with all brands of stereotypical American academics, from tight-collared traditionalists to spouse-swapping wannabe radicals. Comedy ensues.
There is a great deal of situational humor in this book, largely of the fish-out-of-water, culture-shock variety, with America representing the free-wheeling bedlam and Walker the congenitally repressed Brit, but it's simply not enough to drive the novel to its end, and the later chapters drag. When, at the story's close, Walker boards his England-bound ship, it is quite unclear whether the book's events will leave any lasting impression on him, or on the novel's reader.
As an American academic, I appreciated much of the humor in "Stepping Westward," and found myself nodding my head in agreement, even at some of the sillier moments. If you have an interest in these sorts of academic gags (like the novels of David Lodge, for example), then I'm guessing you'll enjoy this book (if and when it comes back into print). If not, I really wouldn't recommend it too strongly.
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Why do I like those cars? I set in the back of a bay window devon once, and it maked me feel like I was in 'the old times'. People smile at you, say that you have a nice car. And you don't see them much. Enough reasons? I think so. Bye to all you lucky people with a VW Bus!!!
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