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The strength of this slim volume is how January captures the ebb and flow of the debates as the political argument evolved over the course of the seven meetings. At the first debate in Ottawa Douglas argued slavery could never be abolished except by the states themselves and would be part of the United States forever, while Lincoln accused Douglas of wanting to make slavery legal in every state and therefore a permanent part of the Union. However, at the pivotal second debate at Freeport Lincoln challenged Douglas to answer the question of whether the people in Kansas Territory could declare slavery illegal? The response Douglas gave, which became known as the Freeport Doctrine, was that yes, a territorial government could outlaw slavery. This put Douglas in a dilemma, because while his answer advanced the idea of popular sovereignty it defied the Dred Scott decision, which guaranteed slavery in the territories. The debates continued the positions of the two candidates crystallized. Lincoln held slavery violated the "all men are created equal" idea in the Declaration of Independence and that slavery violated basic human rights. Douglas held that slaves were property and therefore subject to Constitutional guarantees regarding property.
Students will be surprised to learn that even though Lincoln received more votes than Douglas in the 1858 election U.S. Senators were not elected by direct vote at that time. The Democrats controlled the state legislature in Illinois and so Douglas was re-elected. However, newspapers had carried complete transcripts of each debate, which were read avidly not only in Illinois but throughout the nation, providing Lincoln with what amounted to massive press coverage for the 19th-century. "The Lincoln-Douglas Debates" does a fine job of boiling down the rhetoric to specific political principles. January has authored several of the Cornerstones of Freedom volumes covering Civil War topics such as Fort Sumter, The Emancipation Proclamation and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Students and teachers interested in finding out more about a historical topic can usually rely on this series to be an excellent first place to turn.
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