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The book begins by a very good article on contemporary aesthetics by Noël Carroll. He starts by introducing the ideas of the Wittgensteinian philosophers, who denied the possibility of defining art. After this Carroll considers the theories of Dickie and Danto and tries to show how they changed the course of aesthetics. I find this a good choice, because many of the articles in the book are based on their theories.
In the first actual article Berrys Gaut defends some Wittgensteinian ideas but he changes the problematic notion of "family resemblance" to "cluster concept". Art is a cluster concept that has no individual necessary conditions. But if some artefact possess many properties that have been regarded important for artworks then it is very probable that the object is a work of art. Gaut defences the cluster account by showing its utility and the failures of past definitions. Robert Stecker takes up where Gaut leaves the discussion. He asks "is it reasonable to define art", and after a series of good arguments, answers "yes". Stecker sees a consensus emerging on what is required of a definition of art and that therefore we shouldn't be too sceptic about the possibility of defining art. He himself supports a form of historical functionalism and I like his ideas very much. The problem with the Wittgensteinians and Gaut seems to be that they don't emphasize the historical nature of art enough. In the next article James C. Anderson introduces many good arguments for why aesthetic properties should be our focus when we define art. It's nice to see that in the age of conceptual art somebody still tries to show, why beauty matters.
The next three articles are from old classics. George Dickie tries to clarify his institutional theory of art and answer to some criticisms that have been addressed to it. I think people have been a bit unfair towards him and I hope this article will clear many misinterpretations. In his article Margolis continues his criticism towards traditional theories of analytic aesthetics by showing how they have understood the ontology of cultural artefacts totally wrongly. He doesn't say anything new in this article but I think he manages to put forth his basic ideas very clearly.
The starting point of Arthur Danto's article is the criticism towards his aboutness condition. Carroll has argued that this condition isn't enough to differentiate Warhol's Brillo Boxes from ordinary Brillo cartons, because they both possess aboutness. Danto answers that they possess different kinds of aboutness and that they require different kinds of criticism. When we interpret Warhol we have to take into account Warhol's response to Abstract Expressionism and that he regarded the ordinary as aesthetically beautiful. Harvey's criticism would be totally different and therefore it isn't art. This article also shows, why Danto can be considered the most exiting contemporary aesthetician.
Eaton's and Bailey's articles seem a bit barren when they are placed right after Margolis and Danto, but still they introduce many interesting ideas. I've always been a bit of a sceptic when it comes to feminist philosophy but Peggy Brand's article cleared away some of my presuppositions. Brand clearly understand the main theories in contemporary aesthetics and criticizes them with some very good arguments. The history of art plays a crucial role in the theories of Danto, Dickie, Levinson and Carroll, but Brand tries to show how they have construed this narrative too thinly that it excludes some forms of art that have been practised by women. She also clears some misinterpretations that for example Danto has made regarding feminist art. Brand produces some good arguments that I hope will be taken seriously by other philosophers.
The last articles deal with a very interesting question: What role should non-Western art play in definitions of art. Both Dutton and Davies aims at showing that people have usually seen the difference between Western and non-Western art as too big. Both tries to argue that many Western definitions can also accommodate non-Western art.
This book shows how alive the discussion about the definition of art still is and how many different points of view can be taken towards this subject. A must buy for every one who is interested in contemporary aesthetics.
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First, I am impressed that black and white photographs from that era can be reproduced so large and well. The people (see pages 14, 18, 20, 33, 45, 49, 51, 72, 79, 107) and places in Paris (pages 22, 36, 68, 70, 71, 81), postcards from Livorno, Modigliani's native town (pp. 108-9) and even a book by Nietzsche, Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra on page 63, fill these pages nicely. The manuscript notes reproduced on some pages are usually in French. Part of one is translated as "Equilibrium by means of opposite extremes." (p. 92). Earlier it was mentioned that Modigliani was not the type of person who kept track of things in a journal, so "these brief lines are particularly precious to us, even if, in the absence of any other documentation, we are unable to understand their full meaning." (pp. 92-93).
Secondly, there are explanations of the elements of Modigliani's sculptures and pictures. One feature which he drew a number of times, caryatids, are defined at the beginning of a section discussing those drawings. "Another setting which is theatrical in character is created by the architectural use of caryatids in place of pilasters or columns to support the entablature of a building." (p. 189) There are foldout pages of the drawings which follow, so that, after seeing the figures on page 193, and turning to page 194, the next page which is visible is page 199, which lists the contents of pages 195-198, which are hidden until 194 and 199 are folded out to reveal the four pictures inside side by side. This might be set up this way because plate 108 shows a Hermaphrodite caryatid, frontal view, which was supposed to be hidden from anyone who didn't know where to look for it. The other ones might have been hidden because they were smiling, or too luscious, and placed there as a special reward for those who happened to be reading the book slowly enough to discover them.
Thirdly, the next section, Sculptural heads, starting on page 237, doesn't have much to say, but the comparison of the drawings of Head in left profile runs from pages 255 to 263, without numbers on some pages. Plate 194, Head in left profile with earring; Blue crayon heightened with red gouache, is large and colorful. In the later sections of the book, there is a study with blue ink on page 368, and my favorite color in the book is the blue ink on pages 389, 390, and 392. This is, again, a series with pages that fold out, and the comparison with other pictures makes the blue particularly splendiferous. This book has 463 pages, and you need to read slowly enough to find them all.
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This book was definitely worth purchasing and it will remain on my shelf (I won't lend it out so don't ask) as reference material.
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