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This book is in two parts. The first is a text on logic as seen through Richard Martin's eyes. It alone makes this book worth the price. In his 1941 Yale PhD, Martin discovered the theory of virtual sets and relations. The discussion of this theory in chpts. 1&2 is the best there is. (Quine discovered this theory independently while writing up his 1942 Brazil lectures, but never truly did it justice.) This is followed by an introduction to mereology, a vastly undervalued mathematical theory of the part-whole relation. Martin goes on to develop an event logic, and a theory of semantics (only Carnap himself can rival Martin as a master of formal semantics). Martin sketches out his ideas can be used to ground mathematics as well as linguistics. The result is a brilliant introduction to a number of issues in philosophical logic. Metatheory is not touched on, but arguably that theory is the crowning glory of mathematical logic.
Part II uses the logic of part I to develop a formal theory of linguistics. Martin had been a Penn colleague of Zelig Harris. Chomsky studied under Harris and may have learned some or most of his logic from Martin. Part II is one of the few places you'll see Harris's theories discussed. The mathematical treatment of the preposition is especially intriguing. Martin believed that language and formal logic were more closely related than is generally believed, and this book makes a good case for this.
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The subtitle "The Land in Between" sums up an unfortunate reality -- for much of its history Laos has been caught between more powerful neighbors and sometimes their even more powerful patrons. But Evans does not stop with such a facile explanation of the Laos that has emerged. I particularly appreciate his continuing emphasis on the deep and enduring cultural roots of the peoples who inhabit Laos -- and the interplay among them.
With so many Western writers and readers still caught up in the battles that we fought in Laos in the 60s and 70s, Evans's book is a refreshing reminder that Laos merits attention -- indeed fascination -- in its own right.
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The author relies on an easy to learn method of locating stellar objects with only two tools: your fist and your eyes! Intuitive charts facilitate your search. The author's method is amazingly accurate!
This is a must-have tool for any backyard astronomer.
Bill
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Each chapter is a myth about science, of which there are sixteen:
1. "Nothing exists until it is observed." 2. "Nothing is known for sure." 3. "Nothing is impossible." 4. "Whatever we think we know now is likely to be overturned in the future." 5. "Advanced civilizations of the future will have the use of forces unknown to us at present." 6. "Advanced civilizations on other planets posess great forces unavailable to us on earth." 7. "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy." 8. "Scientists don't have any imagination." 9. "Scientists create theories by intuition." 10. "All theories are equal." 11. "All scientists are objective." 12. "Scientists are always making false predictions." 13. "All problems can be solved by computer modeling." 14. "More technology will solve all problems." 15. Myths about Reductionism 16. "Myths are just harmless fun and good for the soul."
Each is taken down from its gilded pedestal and its serious flaws are revealed. I found chapter fourteen to be most enlightening; the bulk is devoted to the problem of exponential growth and overpopulation. Have you ever seen those 'starving children in Africa' commercials run by christian charities? I thought about them while I read this chapter. Sure, you can send impoverished people 'pennies a day' to make their lives better. But what happens when your efforts result in all five of their children surviving instead of one or two? Who will feed them? And when they have children themselves?
It is like some obscene pyramid scheme that temporarily alleviates suffering and mysery so that even more people can experience it in the future. The implications are terrifying.
It is sad then that people who apply various myths (technological and theological) conspire to prevent family planning in these regions. The tragedy of overpopulation is the result. We must overcome our tenacious clinging to these destructive myths or the destruction will increase. The further tragedy is that I don't think it will happen any time soon.
One of the main thesis which we see emerge in the chapters is that realism has brought about the dramatic blossoming of science while the pursuit of idealism have been a barren exercise. Chapter ten gives a well-illustrated summary of the difference between realists and idealists in politics (with examples of how they react to abortion or flag burning). The idealist position is grounded in myths and a good number of them are simply wrong. Without a firm basis in reality, the tragedy of applied mythology continues.