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Drawing upon classical (and some obscure) Jewish interpreters, modern scholarship, and his own brilliant insights, Milgrom argues that Leviticus' seemingly dry recounting of rituals and practices expresses a profound theology of Israel, a theology based upon life and death, good and evil, with the G*d of Israel supreme. Milgrom argues that Leviticus banishes demons from its theology and posits man's choices as the cause of evil. Analogizing the sacrificial system to "The Portrait of Dorian Grey", Milgrom argues that sin creates impurity on the Tabernacle and the more serious the sin, the more severe the pollution. Pollution unchecked can drive the divine presence from the people's midst. Sacrifice (chiefly the hattat/purification offering) served to remove the impurity but only if the sinner was motivated by asham/guilt.
In addition to explaining the differing types of sacrifices, Milgrom also explains the dietary laws (kashrut) as a reflection of the priestly theology. To twist a phrase, taxonomy recapitulates theology. Milgrom argues that the dietary laws reflected and fostered a profound respect for life, both animal and human.
Milgrom also investigates in detail the purity laws regulating childbirth, menstruation, sex, certain diseases and similar physical causes of impurities. He argues that the laws governing physical impurities reflected the priestly life/death theology but that physical causes of impurity were understood differently than moral causes of impurity.
Milgrom proceeds verse by verse and each chapter is followed by fascinating essays in which he sets out in a more orderly fashion his interpretation. His work is regularly cited by leading scholars but the work is accessible to non-experts, though it is not an "easy read" by any means. Be prepared to read and reread this work in order to grasp all that Milgrom is saying. Milgrom's interpretation opens up not only Leviticus but virtually every other page of the Bible to new interpretations.
Milgrom includes a huge bibliography and detailed indices. One complaint - the Anchor Bible series does not set out the Hebrew text so be prepared to try to decode the transliteration system employed by Milgrom.
I highly recommend this book to anyone seeking to grapple with the meaning of Leviticus. Christian and Jews, modern scholars and lay persons all can benefit from reading Milgrom's penetrating analysis.
Drawing upon classical (and some obscure) Jewish interpreters, modern scholarship, and his own brilliant insights, Milgrom argues that Leviticus' seemingly dry recounting of rituals and practices expresses a profound theology of Israel, a theology based upon life and death, good and evil, with the G*d of Israel supreme. Milgrom argues that Leviticus banishes demons from its theology and posits man's choices as the cause of evil. Analogizing the sacrificial system to "The Portrait of Dorian Grey", Milgrom argues that sin creates impurity on the Tabernacle and the more serious the sin, the more severe the pollution. Pollution unchecked can drive the divine presence from the people's midst. Sacrifice (chiefly the hattat/purification offering) served to remove the impurity but only if the sinner was motivated by asham/guilt.
In addition to explaining the differing types of sacrifices, Milgrom also explains the dietary laws (kashrut) as a reflection of the priestly theology. To twist a phrase, taxonomy recapitulates theology. Milgrom argues that the dietary laws reflected and fostered a profound respect for life, both animal and human.
Milgrom also investigates in detail the purity laws regulating childbirth, menstruation, sex, certain diseases and similar physical causes of impurities. He argues that the laws governing physical impurities reflected the priestly life/death theology but that physical causes of impurity were understood differently than moral causes of impurity. The person affected by physical causes of impurity was in need of ritual purification and sometimes was required to bring sacrifices to purify the Tabernacle of impurities occasioned by severe physical impurities. In contrast, the sinner needed forgiveness and was always required to bring a sacrifice, accompanied by asham/guilt, to purify the Tabernacle of the impurity caused by sin.
Milgrom proceeds verse by verse and each chapter is followed by fascinating essays in which he sets out in a more orderly fashion his interpretation. His work is regularly cited by leading scholars but the work is accessible to non-experts, though it is not an "easy read" by any means. Be prepared to read and reread this work in order to grasp all that Milgrom is saying. Milgrom's interpretation opens up not only Leviticus but virtually every other page of the Bible to new interpretations.
Milgrom includes a huge bibliography and detailed indices. One complaint - the Anchor Bible series does not set out the Hebrew text so be prepared to try to decode the transliteration system employed by Milgrom.
I highly recommend this book to anyone seeking to grapple with the meaning of Leviticus. Christian and Jews, modern scholars and lay persons all can benefit from reading and rereading Milgrom's penetrating analysis.
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One of Milgrom's most notable qualities is his thoroughness. On almost any given question, Milgrom sets out the competing answers offered by other scholars. Milgrom frequently credits others with insights he adopts and appears especially happy to credit his students with important insights. Milgrom esteems his students so highly that he compliments them by in his commentary arguing with their theories. Milgrom's generosity isn't simply a mark of good manners. Rather it is a boon to readers who cannot do the research themselves but appreciate a commentator who will give them the lay of the land. Thus, while some readers may not agree with an interpretation Milgrom offers, they may very well find more satisfactory one of the other interpretations reviewed by Milgrom.
Not only does Milgrom consistently cite the work of other modern scholars, he is also committed to demonstrating the relevance of ancient and medieval Jewish interpreters. Recognizing that classical Jewish interpreters differ from modern scholars with respect to certain assumptions (e.g., Mosaic authorship), he nevertheless demonstrates that the classical interpreters offer valuable insights and should not be overlooked. For example (p. 2378), Milgrom describes an interpretation by modern scholar Ephraim Speiser as "brilliant" but then goes on to note that Speiser's insight had been anticipated by Ralbag more than 600 years earlier.
Just as Milgrom seeks to demonstrate the relevance of classical commentators, so too he is committed to defending the integrity of P and H. Many modern biblical scholars have denigrated P as sterile and authoritarian. Others that distinguish P from H champion H over P. Milgrom argues that both P and H are humanely responding to the different worlds in which they live, all the while championing their shared, radical monotheism, whether it is by P's proffering of the chattat/purification offering as a balm to the guilt-ridden but repentant sinner, pre-exilic H's attempt to cure rising economic inequality, or exilic H's emphasis on the Sabbath after the destruction of the Temple. In the course of his commentary, Milgrom reveals himself to be humane and caring, qualities which he finds in P and H. Thus in response to an argument over Israel's slavery laws (p. 2192), Milgrom states: "That the biblical codes could contemplate and approve any situation whereby a father would sell off his children, even for a six-year period, before selling any part of his land, is beyond my comprehension." No doubt other modern scholars have no difficulty attributing such a doctrine or worse to ancient Israel and the readers must decide for themselves.
Make no mistake, Milgrom's commentary is challenging and difficult. Nevertheless, his work is worth every minute one devotes to it and those who do will reap rich rewards.
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