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On a population basis, Australia has more students studying Japanese than any other country in the world except Korea. Even primary schools teach Japanese, often with the assistance of young Japanese who come to Australia to participate in language programs. This means that young Australians are often able to study Japanese in some form or another from primary school right through to university.
But Japanese is not an easy language to master. The writing system is extremely complicated: in order to properly read Japanese, a student needs to memorize 96 syllabic characters and around 1,900 Chinese characters or kanji, each of which generally has at least two different ways to pronounce it. On top of this, Japanese language relies strongly on different levels of politeness, and students rarely achieve any real ability to properly use these levels of politeness even after 4 years of study at university.
After graduation, quite a large number of these students find employment in the tourism and hospitality industries, requiring to use their Japanese language skills on a daily basis in dealing with Japanese tourists and business people. Unfortunately their ability to use correct and polite language is often insufficient to avoid giving offence and creating misunderstanding on the part of their Japanese clients.
With this type of problem in mind, Yoko Pinkerton of Monash University, together with three other highly qualified authors, has recently produced a new type of dictionary -"The Hospitality English-Japanese Dictionary" - which lies somewhere between a traditional dictionary and a phrasebook. Yoko has had extensive experience in the hospitality/tourism and business client contact areas, and also in teaching Japanese to Australians at university level. As such, she has an acute awareness of the difficulties faced by students of Japanese, and the problems they face when attempting to take what they have learned in the classroom and put it into practice out in the real world.
"The Hospitality English-Japanese Dictionary", written in "romaji" (a system for writing Japanese using the English alphabet) so that even students of Japanese who can't read the Japanese Script can use it, is designed to ensure that users avoid the common pitfalls of using "pidgin Japanese", and at the very least learn to speak correct Japanese at a suitable minimum level of politeness. Then, when users of the dictionary feel they have mastered this minimum or "standard polite style', they can progress to using the "extra polite style" of language which is especially desirable in tourism, hospitality, and business situations. For ease of use, unlike regular dictionaries which generally only list abbreviated or "impolite" forms of words, "The Hospitality English-Japanese Dictionary" lists standard polite style expressions first, followed by extra-polite style forms. The content has also been carefully edited to ensure that words which would not normally be useful in client contact or tourism situabons have not been unnecessarily| included, to facilitate looking up required words and expressions speedily and easily.
The introductory notes of "The Hospitality English-Japanese Dictiona~y"contain helpful information about speech styles, adjective and verb structures, and pronunciation, while at the back of the dictionary are detailed appendixes covering such topics as "counting words" and "kinship terms" which are very important in Japanese but not generally listed in other dictionaries. Favourably reviewed by such Japanese language experts as Dr. Anne de Kretser of the Melbourne Centre for Language Education, "The Hospitality English-Japanese Dictionary", is a must for any one who needs to use Japanese language in hospitality, tourism, or business situations.
Etsuko Akasaka
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The translations in this edition are smoothly rendered and very readable, although the edition suffers, I think, from its diverse group of contributors. Without a single translator it is difficult to achieve a continuity of style and substance. But all in all this collection is a tremendous addition to the English-accessible literature of modern China. Shen is brilliant and poetic, but in a subtle, understated way. The entire collection is infused with a cocktail of profound nostalgia for the past, hope for the future, and, most of all, the beauty and innocence of the living present.
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For even more statistical and personal detail on the migration to New England, see Roger Thompson, Mobility and Migration: East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629-1640. See also David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, which examines the transference of four different regional cultures of England to four different regions of America. Fischer studies Puritan Massachusetts as the seedbed of one such regional American culture. On the Puritans, consult any number of books on the subject by Edmund S. Morgan.
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