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Another book that examines the same topic from a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic is Carlos Steger's "Apostolic Succession in the Writings of Yves Congar and Oscar Cullmann". Although I found his conclusion a bit weak, it was very useful in presenting their respective approaches. You may also enjoy reading Congar's "Tradition and Traditions".
Enjoy!
Fr. Gregory begins with the Biblical foundation of Apostolic succession, examining the authority Christ gave His Apostles in Matthew 16:13-19. He looks at how this authority is carried out at the Council of Jerusalem and throughout the Book of Acts and the Epistles. He points out the catholicity and oneness of the Apostolic Church of the New Testament and refutes modern claims that Paul acted independently of the Apostles.
He goes on to describe the passing on of this Apostolic authority through the laying on of hands to disciples, such as St. James, the Brother of the Lord, who was the first bishop of Jerusalem. The second chapter focuses on the writings of the Apostolic Fathers: the Apostles' successors. He shows that the early Church was a eucharistic community under the authority of bishops. Apostolic succession was the means by which bishops, priests, and deacons, and even baptised lay people could prove that they were part of the same eucharistic body as the Apostles. This is evident in the writings of St. Clement of Rome, St. Ignatius of Antioch, etc.
He goes on to describe the difference in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church on Apostolic succession, which mirror those of the early Church, and the view of the Western churches, which mirror the views of St. Augustine. St. Augustine's view was that anyone who could trace his succession back to the Apostles, regardless of whether or not he was in communion with the rest of the Church, had valid Apostolic succession. Such was not the view of the early Church, and is still not the view of the Orthodox Church today.
This is not simply a scholarly book about Apostolic succession. Rather, it is the "personal testimony of a Bible-believing evangelical Protestant who examined the data and emerged an Orthodox believer." [taken from back cover] I highly recommend this book about this often misunderstood subject.
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According to Dr. Bonacich and Dr. Appelbaum, a "sweatshop" is a factory that fails to pay a living wage and does nto allow a worker to purchase a house and health care(page 11). Sadly, workers make less than the poverty line of $7,200 a year. Hence, concerned citizens like us wonder how sweatshops come to be and exist?
Again, according to Dr. Bonacich and Dr. Appelbaum, sweatshops are caused by 1) a high turnover in styles (14), 2) low tech tools, such as sewing machines, 3) the neglect of union representation, 4) cheap start-ups in other countries, 5) cheap labor, and 6) bossy retailers. The authors write, "Thousands of contractors can produce small lots rapidly. The city's industry is primed for the production of fashion at cheap prices" (p. 18). Thus, Los Angeles is the "sweatshop capital of the U.S" (p. 19).
A city of sweatshops is not a healthy city. ""Polarization is destructive to society." A Chinese person making $25.00 a month cannot afford $100 pair of shoes" (p. 24). Furthermore, immigrants do not have access to politicians, since wealthy people can buy lobbyists and call the govenor and threaten to move the industry. 2.9 million Angelinos make less than $20,000 yr.
The solution to sweatshops is to spread the cost-cutting activities in every area of apparel manufacturing. "Yet cost cutting is never aimed at the executives professionals or profits." As a result, "the garment industry is a throwback to the earliest phases of the industrial revolution" (p. 14).
I hope the supervisors in the valuable garment industry read this fine book.
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BB is a really over-the-top character. She's a short-tempered, acid-tongued, middle-aged lesbian who directs her frequent angry tirades against many targets: men, straight women, bisexual women, "femmey" lesbians, drag queens, promiscuous gay men, the religious right, and more. But BB does occasionally show her softer side (usually with her two cats). Annoyed at the heterosexist, male-dominated world she's stuck in, she longs for the good old days of emergent 1970's lesbian culture.
In two outrageous stories, BB meets Bitchy Bitch, her heavily-lipsticked hetersexual counterpart; the venom flies when these strong-willed women cross paths! We also see her encounters with the religious right, and flashbacks to her formative high school and college days. Along the way are some surprises.
One of the book's best sections is its conclusion, "Bitchy Butch Has the Last Word," in which the character directly addresses the reader (and takes time to criticize "Ms. Gregory's biased viewpoint"). BB tries to give the reader a little insight into why she is the world's angriest lesbian.
Bitchy Butch is a full-bodied, in-your-face character. Although BB is in one sense a parodic stereotype, Gregory ultimately makes her more than that. The black and white drawings perfectly complement the frequently outrageous dialogue. The art has a crude, sometimes explosive energy. Sometimes surreal, sometimes grotesque, Gregory's visual style is full of satiric bite. I recommend "Bitchy Butch" to fans of lesbian literature, women's studies, graphic novels, and cutting-edge political humor.
Anyone who feels that there is more to life than logic and science, but who doesn't feel comfortable with every new age quack idea, should read this book. Bateson's thesis is that aesthetics, beauty, and the sacred are as valid as ways of knowing as logic and science are, and he can back that up with real ideas about the real world.