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The biggest problem I had when reading this book is to tune out "Masters of Rome" series of books by Colleen McCullough. After reading the series, I could only look at the history of Ancient Rome through McCullough's eyes and any departure from her story-telling did not sit well with me, even though Margaret George could have been more accurate with her description.
The first disparity was the identity of Cleopatra's mother. In "Memoirs of Cleopatra", she is described as Ptolemy VII's half-sister. In "Fortune's Favorites" and "Caesar's Women" by Colleen McCullough, she is described as a daughter of King Mithradates of Pontus. This little detail is probably insignificant but McCullough's version makes Cleopatra's connection to Rome's enemies poignant. Also, McCullough describes an affair between Caesar and Mithradates Nysa, who is in her version Cleopatra's mother's sister or Cleopatra's aunt. It would have been an interesting connection to explore if Margaret George decided to follow this version of Cleopatra's story as well. Although she did not explore any of these possibilities, I kept thinking about all of these connections and that hindered my enjoyment of the novel.
The most interesting paradox between the two treatments of Cleopatra's story is the character of Caesar. McCullough devotes all of her books in the series so far to him and he comes out to be a completely different person than Margaret George makes him out to be in "The Memoirs of Cleopatra". I have to agree with George's depiction of Caesar. He is shown as an almost unfalliable person that he undoubtly was (almost being the imperitive word here since McCullough makes him god on earth). However, by this time, I have already bought into McCullough's legend of Caesar so it was a bit disappointing to read about this human version.
Other characters that appear in both places confused me. I liked Marc Antony in George's version better because he appeared as more complex individual than in McCullough's version. In her books, he is just a beast in human clothing. Octavian is shown with more potential for later brilliance in McCullough's version, so that is why I like him better in her novles. George makes his emergence unexpected although she writes from Cleopatra's point of view and that might be how she perceived him. Fulvia is too one-dementional in George's version -- she's just some shameless hussy who can't live without a man by her side. I think Fulvia was too unique and interesting (after all she captured the imaginations of Claudius, Curio, and Antony -- very different and strong individuals) for her time to have so little said about her. But again Cleopatra's perception of her might have been different.
The characters that appear only in George's version are extremely well realized. Olympus and Mardian were fascinating and the author really let us get to know them. Ptolemy Caesar appears as such a wonderful and brilliant boy that his fate is truly tragic. The Kandake was also an unusual strong femal role-model that is hardly, if ever, heard of in the story of Cleopatra.
Cleopatra herself is a wonderful character. George did a wonderful job getting inside her psyche. She was certainly brilliant and a good politian who, alas, followed her heart more often than her reason. I like the way George makes a distinction between Cleopatra's love for Caesar and her love for Antony. The best scene in the whole book is the plan and description of Cleopatra's death. It is amazing that the author can make the readers feel triumphant that this woman is killing herself.
The biggest problems with this novel is that it is too long and there are inconsistancies in the description. Cleopatra's stay in Rome is hard to reconcile with history because of so many inconsistancies. For example, how could she cross the pomerium into the city of Rome if no annoited ruler can do that? The length is really felt here because some key moments in time are summarized while superfluous details are elaborated to the point of boredom.
All in all, this is a great epic on Cleopatra's life.
On a grand scale, Ms. George conjures forth an intriguing tale of epic proportions into this well-crafted account of a time long-gone, but not forgotten. For those of you who are interested in this tumultuous, but extremely fascinating period of history, indulge yourself and read this book! Sip a glass of wine in your finest crystal goblet, light several fragrant candles and play some soothing music. Take that journey and let your imagination soar - you are in for a delightful experience!
The novel explodes during Caesar's Gallic War (specifically, Gallia Comata -> Gaul of the Longhairs -> roughly modern France). There are numerous battles; power plays to control Gaullic tribes and Caesar tries to enlist some of Gauls on his side. At one point, Caesar constructs a type of military fortification known as a circumvallation; essentially a series of walls over 10 miles long, in this case, around the city of Alesia.
After this, there is the run up to the Civil War. The political intrigues of the Senate and People of Rome (the Roman Government) are described. It was fascinating to read of the power plays used by the Romans; the planning behind the campaigns for political office, the running of the courts and the relation of Rome to Italia and the Provinces. The noble ruling class (patricians) constantly worries of how it will maintain itself apart from the influence of the plebeians (commoners); the plebeians are potential rioters and clients (in Roman terms, this meant for a plebian to owe political and economic allegiance to a patrician). Then, Caesar crosses the Rubicon (a river separating the Provinces which he administers and Italia proper) sparking the Civil War. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pomey the Great) heads the anti-Caesar side. As Caesar advances toward Rome, Pompey panics and decides to abandon Rome and evacuate the Government to Greece...
The general tenor is the novel is fascinating; however one can become loss in the great detail of geography that McCullough provides. Fortunately, there are about 5 maps in the novel depicting the various areas. Also, the narrative includes details concerning the inner workings of a Roman military camp, Roman military logistics and the legal/constitutional setup of the Roman Republic. Again, McCullough provides a rather extensive glossary of terms, which the reader will find very helpful.
Given that much of the novel consists of military campaigns (there is a fair amount of politics involved as well; the military and the political often clash and mesh with each other), one learns the great importance of food. There is a constant concern that the Generals must find (and obtain by force, if necessary) food to feed their troops. This factor comes up in several different contexts; the sieges, being far from Rome, the problems when the local area suffers from a famine and so on. Also, the fact that the soldiers expect and get much personal wealth (and Caesar personally), by looting defeated cities and tribes of all their silver and gold is a concept that may be very familiar to the modern reader. Yet, that was one of the big draws to getting involved in wars.
My one negative criticism of the novel is the seeming adoration with Caesar himself that McCullough puts into the story. It seems that Caesar will win every battle, win every discussion and outplan or outplan his foes. There is a feel that Caesar's victories at almost predestined at some points.
Historical Accuracy:
The novel has as its source material to primary documents written by Gaius Julius Caesar himself ("The Gallic Wars," and, "The Civil War"). Due to the fact that Caesar was writing the Gallic Wars as something like a series of status reports to the Senate of Rome, there is a possible tendency that he inflated his victories. Especially, since the Gauls of this time period left no written records about themselves, one must rely on others descriptions of them. In the, "Author's Afterword," McCullough explains in about 4 pages what changes she has made to actual history of the events. For a history student, this is extremely informative. I expected that McCullough would have been much more liberal in her dramatic retelling but I am quite impressed with her fidelity to the facts.
McCullough ends her Afterword by stating: "The next book will be called, 'The October Horse.'" I look forward to reading this next installment in, "The Masters of Rome," series.
McCullough not only tells you what happened, but gives you the reasons why it happened. You are treated to the jealousies and intrigues among Rome's ruling elite as the "Boni" go after Caesar and his "populars."
But this novel is primarily about the rivalry of two giants in Roman history, Pompieus Magnus (Pompey the great) and Gaius Julius Caesar. Allied in the first triumverent we see the death of Julia, Caesar's only daughter and Pompey's wife as the beginning of the end of a very successful political alliance.
As Caesar's success mounts in Gaul, his fortunes at home start to decline. There really was a great right wing conspiracy against Caesar as the Senate jockeys to get Caesar back to Rome without imperium so that they could prosecute and persecute him. Pompey becomes a pawn for the anti-Caesar Senate faction and the political moves and countermoves are fascinating to watch.
Finally, with his back against the wall, Caesar crosses the Rubicon and "lets the die fly high." McCullough's is meticulous in her scholarship. The few times she departs from actual history she will tell you. Or if there is more than one interpretation she tells you not only what the other one is, but why she chose hers. There are two interpretations of the Latin with the subtitle of the book. The first is the one I had heard of "The die is cast." McCullough rejects this, feeling that Caesar was more optimistic than that and a bit of a gambler. When he crossed the Rubicon with his troops, he had abandoned the law and was going for it all. McCullough felt that he would see this as throwing the die in a gambling game and was full of hope rather than resignation.
You get a great view of Roman life, politics, religion, the legal system, etc. from the entire series. This book can stand alone, but is much more meaningful if you read the series in order.
Would I recommend this book? I've given copies of this and others in the series to friends of mine and I've read them all twice.