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I can see this book doing very well indeed, and the contents list alone should be enough to recommend it.
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The first three chapters (or papers) in this volume examine external influences on the production of primary and secondary education. The next four chapters single out an internal factor that exerts a principal influence on the production of K-12 education in the United States. The remaining three chapters offer an understanding of how economists think about education production functions.
The external influences on K-12 education production in the United States covered in this volume include state and local limitations on taxes to support public schools, the effect of litigation on the use of state revenues to support public schools, and the impact that private school competition has had on the production of public education. Thomas Downes and David Figlio conclude that just reducing the amount of revenue available to public schools does little to reduce waste in the production of education and may have the opposite effect. As an example, teacher's unions usually respond by cutting starting salaries, but rarely reduce the salaries of experienced teachers. Sheila Murray summarizes the impact of three decades of attempting to achieve funding equity in America's public schools and proclaims these attempts successful. She notes that student achievement in previously high-spending districts has not been greatly harmed by this redistribution. Dan Goldhaber offers a straightforward summary of the theory and evidence previously generated by economists on the impact of the availability of private school alternatives to the production of public education. Regretfully, he concludes that this previous research does not offer enough information to fully determine the likely consequences of the United States implementing a widespread policy of allowing vouchers.
The internal factors, covered in this volume, that affect school productivity include grade-retention policies, teacher resources, and site specific ways of measuring productivity and resource allocation. Eric Eide suggests that the decision to promote or retain a student would be better made if both parents and educators were forced to bear the full benefits and costs their decisions. Susanna Loeb offers evidence on the sizable degree that public schools differ in the average characteristics of their teachers and how these differences are related to the fact that "quality" teachers prefer schools with students of high socio-economic backgrounds. To overcome this, and the result that high socio-economic students receive higher quality educations, she suggests higher salaries and other perks to attract quality teachers to schools with low socio-economic students. Amy Schwart and Leanna Stiefel summarize the various ways in which economists measure the efficacy of K-12 school production and offers suggestions to policymakers such that school level data is preferred to district level and that multiple measures are favored to a single measure. While Ross Rubenstein and Patrice Latarola use data from the New York public schools to conclude, perhaps because of limited flexibility in allocation decisions, that expenditures on specific items at a school site tend to be very similar across school sites - even the high and low performing - in this district.
The last three papers in this volume deal with the broad issue of whether money matters to the production of quality K-12 education. Corrine Taylor provides a highly readable summary of reasons for the opposite sides taken on this issue. Using her own data, she offers convincing evidence that school resources do matter. Samid Hussain continues this important discussion by offering original research that finds that money matters more too low-performing schools and suggests that policymakers design interventions that keep this in mind. Finally, Jens Ludwig offers a summary of the statistical techniques that researchers need to employ to overcome the self-selection problem of children with strong family backgrounds choosing high-spending schools and thus making it difficult to determine that money does matter to quality education production.
Of most relevance to overcoming the divide that exists between education economists and education practitioners is the concluding chapter. In this chapter the editors summarize the interdisciplinary discussions that occurred after each paper was presented. After readings these summaries it is easy to conclude that the work of education economists has had an impact. From their recorded comments, practitioners believe that accountability in education production is important and that markets need to weigh more heavily in education resource allocation. But these same practitioners stress that in order for economists to maximize their contributions toward current federal, state, and local efforts to improve public school production, they must integrate their economic theories and statistical tests into a more holistic approach that includes what sister social sciences like anthropology, sociology, psychology, and political science have to offer. Volumes like this one, and the conference it was drawn from, are the steps necessary to achieve this goal.
Robert W. Wassmer
California State University
Sacramento, CA 95819-6081, USA
E-mail address: rwassme@csus.edu
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Through this book we find out that although Gödel and Einstein were close friends, Gödel, unlike Einstein, shunned public debate. He held philosophical views which he knew would be very controversial if he were to publicize them, and he greatly disliked publshing anything he could not prove rigorously. Accoringly, he instructed his biographer to publish these viewpoints only after his death.
This book contains hundreds of quotations from Gödel's conversations with the author. Fortunately, the author left in quotations that he he said he did not understand, trusting that others might.
Here are a few quotes:
"Consciousness is connected with one unity. A machine is composed of parts."
"The brain is a computing machine connected with a spirit."
"Materialism is false."
"Our total reality and total existence are beautiful and meaningful . . . . We should judge reality by the little which we truly know of it. Since that part which conceptually we know fully turns out to be so beautiful, the real world of which we know so little should also be beautiful. Life may be miserable for seventy years and happy for a million years: the short period of misery may even be necessary for the whole."
If you find Gödel's theorem interesting, I hope you will read this book and found out more about the man behind the theorem.