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As unflinching as his more famous sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", this work develops the idea that what we feel and our true status in Christ are at war with one another, a constant battle that requires the searching of our souls by the Spirit of God in order to find the truth of our standing in Him. For some, the level of introspection and faithfulness demanded of the believer is higher than we might otherwise be prepared to endure. But only by complete surrender, the development of an inner craving for Christ, and spiritual examination can we rest in the assurance of our salvation.
This work also holds up a Christian faith that seems radically different - and more vital - than what we know. For this we should thank Edwards for allowing 21st century men and women a tie to historic Christianity, especially as seen through early-American eyes.
"The Religious Affections" is an extremely difficult book to read, not only because of the sentence structure and word choices of the 18th century, but also because of the loaded theology. It is a bombshell to the heart of anyone who earnestly desires to follow Christ. Impossible to ignore, Edwards' book demands a response. No one can read it and be unchanged. The level of discipleship it asks is shocking to modern readers, but ultimately necessary for our salvation.
I've come to the point where I won't even begin the conversation without having them read this book. Seriously! Edwards covers ALL the issues in a thorough and practical way.
Strap on your thinking cap, but know it's worth it! I read this book every year and God never fails in using it to refocus my heart on Him.
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What interested me most immediately was the cast: the people involved and their intellectual and personal relationships. Hobbes' first public involvement with squaring the circle, was his intervention in the dispute between the Danish mathematician Longoburg (Longomontanus) and John Pell. Interestingly, Hobbes demonstrated that Pell was correct in rejecting Longomontanus's claim to having squared the circle. Pell was author of an essay regarding establishment of a library of mathematical books and instruments. That essay was published as an appendix to his friend John Dury's The Reformed Librarian. Pell and Dury were part of the Hartlib circle, as was Theodor Haak, who reported Hobbes' role in the Pell/Longomontanus dispute to John Aubrey. After that we see Henry Oldenburg, secretary of the Royal Society, asking Hobbes to make up a list of mathematical texts. Presumably, the list was for Robert Boyle. In 1658 we find Thomas White and Kenelm Digby carrying communications between Fermat and Fenicle de Bessey in France and Lord Brouncker and Wallis in England. White, a Jesuit, had headed the English College at Douai; he had engaged Hobbes in debate over Galileo's Dialogues; and, at the end of a long life of intellectual distinction, he was caught up in the Popish Plot fabricated by Simon Oates. Etc.
It's worth describing the problem of squaring the circle, because it accounts for so much. Simply put: can a square be constructed that has the same area as a given circle, or vice versa? The key to the answer is in the word "constructed." By means of certain curves, such a square or circle can be defined. But those curves cannot be constructed using the classical instruments: ruler and compasses. Essentially, we're dealing with the transcendental character of pi, something that wasn't proved mathematically until the early 19th century.
Jesseph asks the question: why did Hobbes insist so long, to the end of his life, that he had squared the circle? Wallis refuted him again and again, but Hobbes hung on like a snapping turtle. Answering the question opens a window on the political, philosophical, social, and mathematical developments of the time. To summarize:
Hobbes's materialist philosophy brought him to support Isaac Barrow in Barrow's contention with Wallis over the primacy of geometry over arithmetic. These were the two components of classical mathematics, geometry dealing with continuous quantities and arithmetic with discrete. Barrow held that geometry was primary because it dealt with real physical reality, like distances and area, whereas numbers were abstractions: 1, 2, 3, etc. are concepts drawn from one egg, two brothers, three ships, and the like.
Hobbes' Erastianism--his contention in Leviathan that the king should be ruler over the religion of his subjects--placed him on the side of the Independents (congregationalists) against the Presbyterians in Protectorate religious politics. Hobbes, himself an atheist, felt that the Independents could be more easily be brought to heel by the King than the Presbyterians. Wallis was a Presbyterian, had even been Secretary of the Westminster Assembly.
Hobbes shared with the eduicational reformer John Webster and the Independent preacher William Dell a mistrust of the universities as temples to the scholasticism deriving from Aquinas. Wallis and his friend Seth Ward, Savilian Professor of Astronomy, were both actively involved in defending the universities from these attacks.
Of particular interest is the first of these issues. The debate between geometry and arithmetic came to the fore at this time because the distinction between the two was breaking down. Descartes (1637) and then Viete (1646) had defined analytical geometry. Napier (1620s?) had derived the logarithm from his work on the geometrical problem of the parallax. Cavalieri (1635) developed a "method of indivisibles": parallel slices of a geometric figure which, taken together, define the figure. Where this all is going, it seems to us in Whiggish hindsight, is toward notions of infinity, infinite series, and Newton's calculus.
I'll close by noting that Jesseph responds to Shapin and Schaffer, who, in their Leviathan and the Air-Pump, make "the success or failure of a scientific research program entirely independent of the truth or falsehood of the program's central claims." Jesseph calls their approach Wittgensteinian, but it was recognized when the book came out as post-modernist radicalism: science as pure social construct, without necessary basis in either the physical world or agreed canons of reason and method. The fact that Hobbes persisted so long in his claims is certainly less important than that after 1670 he was no longer taken seriously as a mathematician, except insofar as Wallis took the time and effort to refute him in the Transactions of the Royal Society.
Regardless, I think this a great book. Once I got comfortable with the terms, I realized this might be construed as something much more interesting than the traditional 'discovery' of mathematical truths. I'm still not exactly sure how to characterize it, but I'm having fun thinking it a history of science fiction. After all, 'squaring the circle' is the 17th century equivalent to predicting the winner of the Kentucky Derby or tomorrow's change in the Dow Jones Industrials. I may be stretching a bit here, but there is clearly more on the plate than justifying 17th century mathematic revolutions with apples falling on the head of a reclining Newton.
Rather than placing the subject matter in purely mathematical terms, Jesseph considers his material in a wider context, one that makes room for Restoration style science fiction. Keep in mind that Newton's alchemy was an early form of teleportation and the monads of Leibnitz took advantage of an early warp drive. Despite overtly humiliating Hobbs for his mathematical errors, its clear that Jesseph finds Hobbs the ultimate winner. Hobbs suffers no more from his lapse of academic rigor than any contemporary science fiction author. And like Jules Verne, the spirit of his ideas has won if not his details. The political science advocated by Hobbs in Leviathan is hard to distinguish from contemporary standards. Hobbs advocated severely limiting the legal authority of church bishops, scientific materialism and the notion that good laws could produce a good society. Meanwhile, Wallis would be known as a dogmatic right-wing Christian fundamentalist. Further, most of us are convinced that science has 'solved' the problem of 'squaring the circle' which is all Hobbs was advocating, anyway.
And so, Jesseph does a subtle job of indicting my modern sensibility. Painting Hobbs to be the fool, he is actually pointing a finger at my happy secular humanism. Bravo!
So, why is squaring the circle so tricky?
In short, an attempt to find the circle which is exactly 1 square foot in area forces us to confront conflicting intuitions about how we prove the existence of 'real' objects. Try it out for yourself. It is something you can attempt with pencil and paper, or better... try it with a home computer. One of the great things about this book is that it lays out the mathematical issues clearly enough that anyone with high school algebra and maybe an ability to write an excel spreadsheet, can play the 17th century geometer and mathematician. I had a great time doing a 'quadrature' in Excel. If you are interested, I'll email you the spreadsheet (see users.htcomp.net/markmills).
In summary, I think Jessup's book fits into a broad, ongoing reappraisal of mathematical history. I can identify 3 trends, 'Squaring the circle belonging to the 3rd and most important of them:
1. Bringing non-western mathematics to western readers. The best of this is the ongoing research into ancient Chinese mathematics. See 'Chinese Mathematics: A Concise History', Li Yan, Du Shiran, John N. Crossley, Anthony W.-C. Lun, Shih-Jan Tu or 'Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The Zhou Bi Suan Jing', Christopher Cullen. In short, most of what the Europeans called 'new' math in the 1500s had been around for 500 years in China.
2. Finding a physiological basis for mathematic intuitions. Check out the cognitive research described by 'Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being', George Lakoff, Rafael E. Nunez, Rafael Nuñez. All you really need to read is the first chapter. The rest is rather speculative.
3. Reappraising the conventional myths about heroic ancient European mathematicians. Unless your ambition is a tenured job teaching the history of math, you will have a great time reading sensible inquiries into pre-modern western math. Take a look at 'Biographies of Scientific Objects , Lorraine Daston (Editor), or Pappus of Alexandria and the Mathematics of Late Antiquity, Serafina Cuomo.
A first fundamental issue concerned Hobbes' materialistic foundation of mathematics where Wallis reasoned from the traditional account that mathematical facts do not depend on the structure of the material world. A second source of dispute was the completely different concept of ratios: Wallis defended that those ratios could only be applied to homogoneous quantities. Thirdly, the angle of contact between a circle and its tangent was a subject of wilful misunderstanding from the part of Wallis. Finally, the important 17th-century debate on infinitesimal small quantities was heavily criticised by Hobbes and although he did not develop an alternative, his objections to some of the obscurities of Wallis' arithmetic of infinities were well justified. These disputed foundations on the philosophy of mathematics were not the only sources of the irreconcilable conflict. Wallis and Hobbes also held opposing views on methodological issues such as the nature of demonstration and the centuries-old discussion on analytic and synthetic methods. For Hobbes all demonstration must arise from causes and as such he rejected techniques from algebra and analytic geometry in which one starts by assuming the truth of the proposition that is ultimately sought and deduces consequences from that assumption. In doing so he tossed aside the tools that might have helped him in his desperate attempt to make his mark as mathematician. Apart from diverging views on the fundaments of mathematics and methodological issues, religious and political positions play part in explaining the controversy. Wallis fitted neatly into the reformed tradition while Hobbes' religious opinions stood far apart. Hobbes was excluded from the newly established Royal Society for ideological and personal reasons and as such was deprived from a forum to respond to his critics. His political opinions and his vitriolic polemics at universities brought him into conflict with many important people and explain at least some of the vehemence with which the dispute was conducted. However, Jesseph refrains from pursueing sociological reductionist account and spends part of the last chapter convincingly demonstrating the inadequacy of a purely sociological explanation of the dispute. By uncovering the conceptual gulf dividing Hobbes and Wallis, Jesseph succeeds in demonstrating important differences in the philosophy of mathematics in the 17th century and explains why these two men engaged in such ferocious fight. Objectively, Hobbes miserably failed attempt at the solution of classic geometric problems makes him the loser of this dispute. But one can feel in this book also some sympathy for the consequent way in which Hobbes rigorously applied principles of his philosophy to mathematics and ultimately rejected classical geometry to avoid an even worse fate: the refutation of his own philosophy.
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Of course Canada has the 'advantage' of not having many tree species, which makes it easy for an author to be complete. Just imagine Harri Lorenzi trying to cover Brazil to the same degree of detail!
It is a pity the US has no other books on this same scale, and that this degree of detail is only available for its Northern part (OK, California has some fine tree books too!).
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~TAylor
It is great to listen to these important stories and catch most of their implications, while, for example,driving your car. This dramatisations bring them to life far more efficiently than a severe abridged reading of the original book that I possess also -of "The Idiot"-.
If you like audio drama and Dostoievski, this is your best choice.
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This book is full of humour, occasionally pessimistic and sometimes a cynical diatribe against mankind. His principal targets: the Roman Catholic Church, his fellow countrymen, the Dutch, and women. Erasmus was a misogynist.
This book is still not old-fashioned and didn't loose his vitriolic style. By reading it, I still learned a lot about human foolish behaviour.
I recommend the short but impressive work by Stefan Zweig on Erasmus for an appraisal of his public and private life.
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So how do employers keep good employees? Learn about and listen to what employees want, and create a great place to work. The book outlines six expectations employees have: balance and synergy, work as a noble cause, personal growth and development, partnership, community at work, and trust. The major theme, though, is values: workers want a workplace they can believe in.
The authors present examples of companies across North America currently meeting (and often surpassing) their employees' expectations, to superb retention results. Quizzes at the end of each chapter help business leaders put what they've learned into action, and profiles of company leaders bring a human element in. CEOs, ignore this book at your peril: this is the future of work.
Many books on changing values and cultures often provide the reader with mostly theory, jargon and academic research. This book bridges the gap between theory and practice in a user friendly manner. The book is full of examples of companies and individuals making a difference in their workplace and relating this to the changing values of the workforce. It is an easy, captivating read.
This book has helped me understand the workforce in our organization better and in doing so has helped me to be a more responsive leader. However, this book needs to be shared with others in your organization. Every manager would do themselves well to have this book in their library.
SIXTH ON THE GLOBE & MAIL'S BEST BUSINESS BOOK LIST IN CANADA
Partnership. Balance. Synergy. Community. These are some of the values shaping the work ethic that is transforming the workforce. An understanding of this transformation is essintial for business leaders who want to attract and keep the very best employees.
VALUES SHIFT defines how and why our work ethic is changing, and it focuses on the six major shifts people expect from work. As well, if offers practical ideas on what companies and managers can do to retain and inspire the people they need and value.
Based on leading-edge research and experiences with more than 200 companies, John Izzo and Pam Withers help people understand these shifting values and highlight companies that are responding successfully.
"This book explores the six values in depth and offers some eye-opening examples of companies that have responded in innovative ways" NATIONAL POST
"Well written and informative!" WILLIAM BRIDGES, Author of JOBSHIFT and MANAGING TRANSITION
"As books on employee retention go, this one is a treasure...packed with inspiring examples of companies that are achieving retention against the odds; it's entire concept is groundbreaking." CANADIAN BUSINESS FRANCHISE
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The coverage is not as complete as, say, Peterson's Field Guide to the Birds of Texas, which I also own. The Peterson has, for example, many more of the confusing fall warblers; the Tveten explicitly says that detailed coverage of the warblers is outside its scope. But the differences in coverage are generally of the rarer birds; anything a casual bird-watcher is likely to see will be in the Tveten; and the Peterson has few good colour plates.
This is a larger book than is really convenient out in the field, though. Plus the descriptive sections, while well-written and interesting, aren't organized in a way that makes it easy to quickly find important field marks or check the range. If you want to get just one book I'd recommend this one; get another for completeness or for use in the field.
Armed with these volumes readers should engage in some determined lobbying.
General Practitioners and Consultants plus Members of Parliament and the Department of Health all need to be convinced that HRT using bio-identical hormones must be taken seriously. As with many medical matters the science is not wholly exact and a measure of art and experience is involved. Consequently the doubters have room to argue that the margin of uncertainty is unacceptable. These arguments are used to discourage doctors and their patients from evaluating the methods for themselves. Never-the-less several thousand UK patients who can afford to finance their own treatment are already benefiting from the findings of these pioneers. Unfortunately, apart from a couple of limited privately sponsored trials there is no official UK program to collect and analyse this valuable case data. To the extent that Ahlgrimm and Kells have made a contribution in this respect their book is doubly welcome even although it may not be the ultimate definitive treatise. There appears little doubt that enormous savings could be made in the lifetime costs of women's healthcare by extending the benefits the authors describe to all NHS patients. The 15 page list of references contained in the book should convince anyone that the authors have really done their homework!
See also:-
Natural Progesterone; John Lee M.D.
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Menopause; John Lee M.D.
Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis; Alan Gaby M.D.
The New Arthritis and Commonsense; Dale Alexander & Mark Occhipinti;
Dale Alexander describes the work of Dr.A.C. Frazer in 1945 that proved how long-chain oil molecules such as Progesterone can be drawn primarily into the lymphatic system instead of being largely wasted travelling the portal route to the liver. They must first be hydrolyzed by emulsifying 1:2 in milk. This method satisfies the advice on page 80 of Marla Ahlgrimm's book regarding the advantage of taking hormones with food. It would appear that the Alexander and Frazer method of administration could overcome the fundamental objection of Dr. Lee, as expressed in his books, to taking hormones orally. It would be helpful if a clinical trial could be arranged, and monitored by the methods described in Marla Ahlgrimm's book.