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In the "veritable flood of literature on Negro songs" which was published after World War I, there were several works that noted blues, though generally the emphasis was on ballads and spirituals. Conventional folk-song scholarship, combined with uncertainty as to the authenticity of blues which had "become the basis for commercial exploitation," resulted in a growing disregard of the idiom at the very time when it was exceptionally revealing of black attitudes and experience.
Opportunities for research on popular African-American values were present even in the depths of the depression era. Narratives from black interviewees were gathered in seventeen states, mainly in the South, for the Writers' Unit of the Library of Congress; from these, two thousand "slave narratives" were selected and published. Important as they were, sixty years later one can only regret that complementary narratives of life in the segregated South were not gathered at the same time. Yet some studies of rural black culture based on field research were written by, for example, Carter Woodson, Arthur Raper and Charles S. Johnson. The latter, in particular, cited extracts from the personal narratives of those from whom he gathered data.
Quite the most extensive study of blacks between the world wars was undertaken by a thirty-person team led by the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal. Substantially funded by the Carnegie Foundation, it provided a solid socioeconomic base for black studies and assessed white and black "beliefs," "valuations" and expressed "opinions." Although an unrivaled work, An American Dilemma spared a mere eight of its more than fourteen hundred pages for "Negro achievements" in business, literature, sports, dance, theater, popular entertainment and the visual arts. In this disregard for African-American culture it reflected the work of black sociologists E. Franklin Frazier, J. G. St. Clair Drake, Horace Cayton and others who were members of the team. Yet blues was mentioned, even if "Negroes have contributed such popular music forms as ragtime, jazz, the blues, swing and boogie-woogie" was all they had to say on the subject.
Song collecting was the province of the Archive of Folk Song of the Library of Congress, and the invaluable location recordings of John A. Lomax, Alan Lomax and other field workers such as Zora Neale Hurston and John W. Work give us insights into the work song, ballad and folk song traditions that survived in the South. A decade later John A. Lomax described the circumstances of his field recordings, in which, however, the blues played little part. A dozen blues were included in the Lomaxes' 1936 collection, Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Leadbelly, which related to the singer's past life.
In spite of the fact that many thousands of blues records representing hundreds of individual titles were on general sale in the 1930s, whether in country stores and chain stores, from tailgates or by mail order, they were rarely accorded more than a passing word in the social literature of the period. There was no recognition that they could be significant indicators of the spirit and suffering of the African-American poor, or that blues singers expressed the feelings and attitudes of those who shared their color, class and culture.
In order to ascertain the impact on the black community of the depression, the implementation of the New Deal and the involvement of the United States in World War II, Guido van Rijn's book, Roosevelt's Blues analyzes, in depth for the first time, the content of the blues of that period. Some may argue that the blues is not reliable as an indicator, but as noted above, there are few, if any, others. As the author shows, some singers were particularly concerned with social issues, but a significant proportion of all blues and gospel titles were sociopolitical in content or implication. That many of these referred directly to President Roosevelt may seem surprising, but the nature of the presidency in American politics is such as to personify government.
Analysts will continue to assess the depth of the crisis, the efficacy of the administration, and the measure of recovery. But postmortem analyses, though revealing and necessary, seldom reflect the perceptions of the times. Echoing Guy B. Johnson, we may find it interesting to speculate on what we would know of black southern feelings and opinions in the interwar years if African-Americans "had not been a [blues] singing race," and had not been recorded for the phonograph, or if Guido van Rijn had not undertaken so rigorously and sympathetically the formidable task of transcribing and analyzing the content of large numbers of those records and placing them so precisely in their historical, social and political contexts.
Sometimes with impassiveness and resignation, frequently in anger or frustration, often with irony or scepticism, and always with simplicity and economy of expression, the blues transcribed and explained in this important book open windows on the inner lives and emotions of African-Americans in the depression, giving human dimensions to the raw statistical data of 1930s sociological surveys.
Paul Oliver, Oxford Brookes University
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The first 95 pages provide a very well written and well structured tutorial and overview of the Python language. Although not intended as an introduction for beginners, anybody with sound programming skills and experience in another object oriented language would find it readable. For someone with a small amount of experience in Python, this is an excellent read with great examples and clear explanations of all the Python constructs. Beazley also covers some other interesting areas like 'Performance and Memory Considerations'
The next 200 pages form a detailed reference for the Python Library. While not covering the complete Python Library (which is ever changing), the author has taken time to provide clear new examples for the most useful of these functions. Only the very obscure functions are missing and this reference should prove useful to any Python programmer.
The last 30 pages cover the topic of Extending and embedding Python. This section is for the advanced user only and will probably only prove useful if you intend to integrate C and Python applications.
The book is well written, and well presented, with excellent examples throughout.
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For those new to the language who find themselves wondering "How do I do that in Python?", the first chapter includes a short (11 page) tutorial that demonstrates using:
- Variables
- Conditionals
- File I/O
- Strings
- Lists & Tuples
- Loops
- Dictionaries
- Functions
- Classes
- Exceptions
- Modules
The tutorial section is nice while getting up to speed with Python's syntax.
The rest of the book goes into a bit more detail on rest of the Python's language features with the exception of some of the more inconspicuous ones. Most of the "raw" information in the book is available on python.org or other online resources, but with the book you get that same information filtered through the author's Python experience plus a lot of concise examples. I've found that what is not covered in this book is better answered by searching the related mailing list archives.
As with the other New Riders programming books I own, this one is indexed well, making it easy to find what I am looking for. Also, the size of the book is small enough that it fits nicely in my briefcase and on my desktop.
It appears that a lot of thought went into both the content of the book as well as the overall design of the reference, that's why I've given it the highest rating.
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The story is about a man traveling around the world looking for silk worm eggs. At first the fates seem to drag the man from place to place year after year. But when he finds a forbidden woman in Japan he takes charge of his fate.
There are two letters which are translated to the man which change his life. Each one changes his direction when it seems unchangable.
The use of repitition of his journey is exciting because every trip the man has changed and the same journey does not lead to the same place or time ever again.
The best short read in years. A great one day book. The language and the story are beautiful excellent translation.
EJB
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Donna Leon is a GREAT writer! I guarantee that you will utterly adore the characters in these novels. All the stories take place in Venice, Italy (near where Leon lives and teaches English). Herein, we follow the life and investigations of Vice-Commisario Guido Brunetti. There's a certain brutality and social consciousness to *all* the crimes Brunetti ultimately uncovers (the brutality "off-camera" for the most part). Meanwhile, we follow (as the novels progress) Brunetti's family life, and the development of his relationship with his wife and children. Extremely good books, on all counts.
I rather suspect the reason these books have been virtually ignored in the USA is that Commisario Brunetti's wife is a professed Communist. Brunetti, on the other hand, does not share this point of view. Their diverse polical views create a necessary tension, yet it's interesting how often their practical goals regarding human relationships are really much the same. These are very European novels, obviously. And they are absolutely some of the *best* mysteries you will ever read. VERY highly recommended!