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It's important to understand the context of the situation. French Algeria was a colony populated by a number of ethnicities. Many muslims were pro-French and wanted Algeria to remain a French department. In addition, you had a significant French colonial population, the Pieds Noirs (the black feet) that wanted Algeria to remain French. Additionally, there were groups that wanted independence - those willing to work within a political framework, and those willing to engage in terrorism.
Aussaresses and his methods (as described in the book) were successful in subduing the rebels. France voluntarily left Algeria. De Gualle made the decision to give Algeria its independence in 1962-- the French were not forced out. In fact, many elements of the French army mutinied against De Gualle as a result of his decision -- but that's a different story.
This book describes the means by which information was gathered and applied in order to combat a foe that was willing to bomb civilians, engage in what we now call terrorist acts, and could conceal themselves within the population. The methods included torture and summary executions. But these were not the only methods employed. What Aussaresses established was a process of intelligence gathering and the application of military and police resources to act on that information. He used torture in interrogations in order to gather information. Aussaresses used the information gathered from these interrogations to eliminate operatives, foil terrorist plots, and systematically dismantle the FLN. These methods succeeded.
I think there are tough lessons to be learned from this book. How are our intelligence and military forces fighting the war on terror gathering their information to prevent further attacks? Are America and its allies prepared to do what is necessary to protect our populations? Do the ends justify the means?
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The promotional information claims Paul's book will become a standard reference. However, I found it incomplete and something of a disappointment. This is not a general book about Mormonism and science. There is no discussion about the historicity of the Book of Mormon, or its scientific validity. Neither is there any discussion about the historicity of the Book of Abraham, or the Book of Moses. You will not find within its pages any discussion of the Mormon doctrine of a universal flood. Neither will you find any mention of a literal confusion of tongues, or recent (thousands of years ago) separation of the continents. (See, for example, the January 1998 issue of _The Ensign_.)
Admittedly, the author explains that he has limited the scope narrowly to an examination of Mormon cosmology. Even within this scope, however, the text is incomplete. There is no mention, for example, of the Mormon doctrine that God created the earth in another part of the universe, and moved it to its present orbit only recently after Adam's fall. This omission is especially surprising since the Pearl of Great Price, from which Paul draws much of his discussion, teaches this doctrine. It was also preached by Brigham Young, and has been promoted of late by the Church's official magazine. (See, for example, the March 1997 issue of _The Ensign_.)
Paul limits his discussion of Mormon cosmology almost exclusively to the concept of "worlds without number," and intelligent extraterrestrial life. He paints a picture of early America with widespread public discussion about astronomical pluralism and its challenges for Christian orthodoxy. One can almost feel the excitement of the debates and imagine the young Joseph Smith's mind racing with! new ideas. Reading Paul's description, we see Joseph Smith's new religion incorporating solutions not only for theological debates about baptism by immersion, but also for the latest discussions about ancient Hebrews populating the Western Continent and extraterrestrials on planets orbiting other suns. It comes as a surprise that after describing such a clear picture of Mormonism borrowing from local debates, customs, and ideas that Paul ends the chapter by saying:
"The idea that Joseph Smith may have borrowed from cultural sources cannot, of course, be totally discounted -- or confirmed." (See page 92).
Although Paul tries to focus strictly on aspects of Mormon cosmology, he felt obligated to discuss the church's acrimonious relationship with evolution, devoting over 20 pages to the debate. In discussing Mormonism and evolution, however, he has provided a rather biased point of view. This may result from his obvious association with Mormon apologists, many of whom participated in reviewing Paul's book. It is particularly disappointing that Paul spends so little time actually examining the content of Mormon scriptures, what they mean, and how they relate to evolution. Instead, he focuses an inordinate amount of attention upon the opinions of Mormon apologists, often to the exclusion of the public preaching of Mormon priesthood leaders, leaving the reader with a skewed view of the relationship between Mormonism and evolution.
Paul devotes considerable volume to discussions of four Mormon intellectuals (Orson Pratt, B.H. Roberts, John A Widtsoe, and Joseph F. Merrill) and how they dealt with their religion and its relationship with science. However, he virtually ignores the work of Marvin and Garfield Cook, in their book "Science and Mormonism" (Salt Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1967). This book, widely read among Mormons, attempts to reconcile science with the mostly literal, creationist-style arguments used by most Mormons. It seems surprising that Paul mentions their views (which were! arguably as influential as those of Pratt, Roberts, Widtsoe, and Merrill) only briefly in a terse paragraph in the bibliography.
Repeatedly, Paul asserts a non-literal and often ambiguous interpretation whenever Mormonism collides with science. For example, he believes Mormonism is compatible with the idea of death before Adam's fall. However, he never explains how to bring his view into alignment with Mormon scriptures such as 2 Nephi 2: 15, 22, which clearly state that there was no death before Adam's fall (and has been interpreted that way by Mormon prophets). Paul does the reader a disservice by simply stating that Mormonism is compatible with evolution (something with which most Mormons would disagree) without offering a rational interpretation that brings Mormon scriptures and science into harmony.
Paul's apparent eagerness to accommodate Mormon theology sometimes leads him to make extreme and unsubstantiated statements. For example, on page 157 he says:
"There is no real conflict between the Mosaic account of the creation and the nebular theory which is the most widely accepted among the prominent scientists." (See page 157.)
In reality, Joseph Smith taught the earth was created before the sun from the leftover components of destroyed planets. This is in profound disagreement with modern astronomical theory which says that material thrown out by super nova, and not recycled planets, is the raw material that formed the earth.
The book's final chapter deals with extraterrestrials and their relationship with Mormon cosmology. This chapter has the most science, and also deals most honestly with ideas within Mormon theology. Although not clearly stated, Paul seems to lean toward a view of directed evolution. The chapter on extraterrestrial life uses several tautological arguments. For example, on page 209 Paul says:
"Therefore, the likelihood of other civilizations having already broadcast seems quite large, assuming both the existence of such civilizations and the possibility ! that they have been transmitting for long periods of time."
Unfortunately, arguments such as these represent the rule, rather than the exception. Overall, however, I found the book interesting and worth my while. Though if I had it to do over again, I probably would not have purchased the book unless it was available in paperback, and 1/2 the current price.
Duwayne Anderson
Paul analyzes the complex relationships between science and LDS theology in a historical perspective, which allows the reader to to understand the cultural settings in which the relationships of science and religion have formed. This approach is critical to understanding the perceived conflicts between science and LDS theology. This may also help in understanding that the actual dilemma is more of a construct than real, which has come from the incomplete comprehension of science and theology.
In the first section entitled "Issues in Science and Religion," Paul is successful in showing the tentative character of modern science. In the second sect! ion, "Mormonism and Cosmology," he has focused on the influ! ence of LDS thinkers and leaders. Because the book's subject matter is quite dense, one might easily become disenchanted with Paul's chosen course of argument. This is especially true for Latter-day Saints who believe that the end of science will reveal the 'end all be all' of what and how it all happened, and therefore they will become defensive at such comments as "there is no conflict between 'true science' and 'true religion'." It is necessary to understand that this is exactly Paul's thesis and he carries out a well-organized discussion of such.
The Latter-day Saint who is more focused on the linear argument of science and religion, specifically that encompassed in the Church Educational System, will find this book not to their liking. However, this is not to suggest that they might not find it interesting and despite any personal differences of opinion with the author, they may find it quite provocative. This book, since the time of its publication, has ended ! up on syllabi at many universities including Brigham Young University. Thus, Paul has succeeded in permeating the intellectual community with his comprehensive views exactly as he intended.
Christina Schreiber
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This book is designed as a reference not a study guide.This is one of the best Intranetware books I have read to date.
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The first half of the book is five star quality, that is, the outline of Paul's missionary exploits through Acts. The second half, Reymond's systematic treatment of Pauline theology, is four stars. I went from reading Reymond's "New Systematic Theology" to this book, so in all honesty I was experiencing deja vu a bit. Had I not read the systematic before, I would probably give the second half 5 stars also.
The work of Reymond in this book is what you would expect from such an astute theologian. The various excursus' are insightful. And the amount of space given to them are neither too short nor too long; they are just right.
Bottom line: if you want a very readable, though challenging, book that will give you a great foundation of understanding for the missionary movements of Paul throughout Acts, this is your book. A caution is in order however... I felt convicted. The reader is challenged to really consider being a full-time, overseas, unreached people group, missionary.
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There are some essential works here (Joscelyn Godwin's excellent meditation on Michael Maier and Rafael T. Prinke's article on Michael Sendivogius immediately spring to mind: both of which demonstrate the varities of meaning Rosicrucianism took on to those who sought to perpetuate the movement in different contexts) but also much filler. Too many of the contributions collected in this volume re-state a body of knowledge familiar to all students of the subject. Due to the original format of these contributions (i.e., speeches) this knowledge is -understandably- not communicated in a particularly useful fashion.
Having said that, this volume is worth its price of entry. However the content is certainly a mixed bag.
Lastly, the translations of the Rosicrucian manifestos contained in this volume are those of Thomas Vaughan's mid 17th century edition of the Fama and Confessio .
"The Rosicrucian Enlightenment Revisited" contains nine essays on the early Rosicrucian movement presented at this landmark conference sponsored in part by The New York Open Center, and copies of the first two Rosicrucian Manifestoes, the "Fama" and the "Confessio". It is a great read and ideal for anyone interested in what is truly the heart and soul of Western esotericism - the Rosicrucian Enlightenment.
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A science-themed comic is especially appropriate, as the art-text combination inherent to comics would seem perfect for conveying complex/cosmic ideas. This collection features some terrific artists - notably Bernie Mireault, David Lasky, Colleen Doran and Sean Bieri - but I was a bit disappointed in the writing. Ottaviani's stories so intent on being unorthodox and different that they instead become meandering and confusing. Oftentimes I was unsure of what exactly was at stake for each story and why we should care about what was being told. And I would expect to actually learn more about SCIENCE in such a book. Also, the organization of the book into seemingly random sections, and the clumsy, unimaginative publication design diminished the effect.
I give the book high marks for effort, nice artwork, and the especially interesting portraits of Richard Feynman, but overall I'd rate "Two-Fisted Science" a noble failure.
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During the 1950's, numerous North African nations were granted independence from colonial rule, but France maintained a hard-line in regards to Algeria. After Tunisia was granted independence, nationalists throughout Algeria began to attack French citizens, properties, and government troops in the hopes of securing their own freedom. General Aussaresses was given the task of stopping the attacks on French citizens living in Algeria, and subsequently destroy the nationalists as an entity.
The majority of the book discusses how Aussaresses developed a program of executions, assassinations, and torture in order to stop the FLN. He discusses how his secret mission was hidden from the majority of the French populous and even from some major government officials. Then, the book abruptly ends, with out giving the reader a real conclusion. There is no real explanation as to what occurred following the departure of Aussaresses, or what happened to Algeria as a nation. Certainly an epilogue would have been appreciated.
Nevertheless, the book did provide food for thought. How does a nation fight terrorism? It would seem that Aussaresses would argue that we fight terror with terror. Kidnapping and summary executions solve the dilemma, Aussaresses would say. But with the use of these tactics, a different dilemma arises. Who is the terrorist when both parties act so similarly?