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Rickey R. Mallory
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But there are too few historical contingencies. Six stories deal with Columbus and three with Chinese expansion. When there is such a huge history of the Americas to deal with, it would have been nice to have more diversity- What if the Lost Tribes of Israel *had* made it here? What of that great book of alternate American history, the Book of Mormon? What if humans *hadn't* made it over the Bering Straight so early in our history? What if the colonization had come up from the Pacific Islands, as some historians believe it did in part? What if Hominids had made it over here much earlier and so had developed along Marsupial lines as did many other animals in South America? What if the colonies were all still under European control? One story on Columbus would have been sufficient- the plentitude of similarity became simply confusing. It also grew tiring to see Europeans repeatedly lambasted- they also did some good. Nor would any other culture's conquest necessarily been more beneficial to the Natives, as many authors would suggest. Evil lurks in the hearts of all men.
Of the works on Columbus, the best was by the master Turtledove, with a very short letter detailing why exploration of the New World should not happen in Report of the Special Committee. Basically, if NASA had run the exploration of America. In Isabella of Castile Answers Her Mail we get a humorous take on Columbus wandering into modern New York, seeing how an outsider would view our culture. It is more Fantasy than Sci-Fi, but a truly etic tale. Zebrowski continues with the quantum focus which he can't seem to escape in the poor Let Time Shape, where the Carthaginians establish an empire in the Americas, and are at a 19th Century level of technology when Columbus comes. Destination: Indies is the only story in this collection that was so stupid I didn't finish it. Columbus studies quantum mechanics and fights the "Dark Duke" who has a submarine with "microdemonic engineering". Ship Full of Jews was also disappointing- but what can one expect from Malzberg?- where Columbus has ships of Jews and felons, both being deported. The story ends suddenly with no clear idea of what was happening or about to happen. The Karamazov Caper has Columbus killed, a Reign of Ignorance begun so no European exploration occurs, Russia expands unchecked into the New World, and the Germans begin to do ethnic cleansing of Native Americans on the East Coast. It's a bit too many changes to take in, and the story takes place in Alaska, so it's not too different from our reality wherein Russia owned Alaska.
Ink From the New Moon has Buddhists severely persecuted and emigrating to the New World to establish an independent country in America, with missions and backward Europeans. It is well written with humor, like the independent United Sandalwood Autocracies. A true Chinese perspective is shown in Round-Eyed Barbarians with the possibility of China's Middle Kingdom *not* becoming isolated but instead having major exploration and colonization of America, again meeting up with backward Europeans. The Sleeping Serpent presents the Khans of Mongolia taking over the world, aligning with Native Americans to attack the last independent Europeans. It is historically accurate, having the Khans adapt to the religions of their subjects- in this case, Christianity and Native American beliefs as well as Islam.
Jerry Oltion has Native Americans obliterate all of the colonies with the exception of Manhattan (because that was rightfully bought and not stolen). The Natives are at a slightly higher level of technology in modern times than the Europeans. While this isn't that realistic, it revealed perhaps how things *should* have been. The story could use greater historical accuracy, however- because of the Quakers, much of New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania were also bought from the Native Americans, and for a much fairer price than Manhattan.
Vinland the Dream is not really an alternate reality as much as the psychological portrait of giving up old scientific theories. It suggests that new scholarship shows Norsemen didn't make it to America.
My favorite stories were the ones that dealt with alternate missiology. In ideas similar to the establishment of Christianity in Ireland or Persia, we get a more native belief system rather than a simple European overlay. In If There Be Cause, Francis Drake makes it to the West Coast before the Spaniards, and stays. There the Native Americans in Baha California come to follow Christ, but in a contextual manner with Native awareness of the excluded middle of the supernatural. Looking for the Fountain shows Ponce de Leon arriving in Florida to find a tribe of people influenced by Crusaders blown off course, who continue to practice a Roman Christianity, but are also strongly committed to fighting the Muslims. While the latter desire is sad, the Christianity presented is still very contextual with folk ideas of holy sites, and the Native people are more committed to Christ than the Conquistadors! In truth another Columbus history, Such a Deal has Columbus getting support not from Spain, but a wealthy Jewish merchant. Columbus returns with a shipload of Aztec Warriors, who align themselves with the Jewish merchant because of his similarity to their god, Quetzalcoatl. This is interesting because the belief in Quetzalcoatl was actually a brief monotheistic faith, fitting more with Christianity than Judaism. Don Richardson explores this idea in Eternity in Their Hearts with the philosophy behind this story- what it might have been like if the belief in Quetzalcoatl had still existed at the time of the coming of Christian missions.
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Some stories depend on their suprise ending with a particular historical twist. In the House of Sorrows is just such a story, taking place in the Middle East. Unfortunately, without knowing the historical era, it is a very confusing read; but well worth it for the twist. However, I found the one major drawback to the anthology as a whole to be the complete lack of discussion of the Islamic and Arabic empires.
Remaking History looks at how the Iranian Hostage Crisis ending differently might have effected world events. Counting Potsherds was a very engaging story philosophically looking at if Athens had lost to the Persian Empire long ago.
Leapfrog also has the secret historical twist, and takes place on a Soviet space station around Mars, with a complete multi-national population. Everything But Honor also had some great ideas on philosophy- how much we value people- with changes in the Civil War to become *our* reality.
We Could Do Worse was a rather boring look at America under Martial Law in the 1960's. To the Promised Land explored a radically different world, in Egypt, if the Jews had never escaped Egypt some 3,000 years ago. Similarily, Waiting for the Olympians looks at a world ruled by the Roman Empire because of one key event not occurring in the past. I liked the references to the Cherokee and Algonkan nations, as well as Quetzalcoatl of the Aztecs being simply one of the many gods of the pantheon. This was definitely the best story of the lot. One could see the Jews reinterpreting the Torah to embrace polytheism in this scenario, as they are faced with a completely polytheistic world. And it was amazing to postulate how a single event could change the way humans think about the basic nature of morality.
All Assassins and Game Night at the Fox and Goose were both very mediocer in my opinion, with the former looking at obscure historical figures in the 1970's- so obscure you had no feeling for the historical changes; and the latter looking at a world where women were in charge, but the plotline falls flat at the end. The Return of William Proxmire was a rather navelic look at the history of science fiction writing.
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A Sleep and a Forgetting has a surprise twist, as many of alterative reality stories do, and is about an instrument that allows people to talk with historical figures through the electromagnetic waves of the sun. In this a major butcher accepts Christ. It is fairly well wrought.
Old Man and C is if Einstein had decided to pick up the violin instead, and is just not well written- you don't get the sense of history changing because of his decision. Mules in Horses' Harness is also poorly written- it takes place in the South, with the North having won, but the South is independent- and you never learn how this is possible! And Lenin in Odessa operates with the idea of Lenin having been killed- but it seems to result in the same history we have today, and there is no gripping writing.
*The* great question is presented in The Last Article- how would Gandhi's tactics apply to the Nazis? The Nazis take over India because America never entered WWII. It is quite well written, but unfortunately Harry Turtledove, the author, has not read enough of nonviolent history and practices. Violent response only works half the time, historically. Someone always loses. Nonviolent action, when applied, is statistically much more successful. *And* the only time Hitler was stopped in WWII, other than the final putsch by the Allies, was when nonviolent action was practiced. In Denmark, when the Jews were forced to wear a yellow star, the King also joined them, and his subjects all followed his lead. Even the Nazis were unwilling to kill an entire nation of white Northern Gentiles, and so the Jews were not wiped out from Denmark, as the Nazis couldn't tell the difference between them and Gentiles. Unfortunately, Turtledove's ending doesn't conform to likely historical reality, and is only a slim possibility.
Abe Lincoln at McDonald's is the first really excellent story in this compendium. What if Lincoln had signed the treaty had signed the Seward Treaty for peace with the South and slavery had expanded throughout the Territories and eventually became acceptable in the North as well? It is a very tragic reality, with modern times interposed completely with slavery, and horrible thoughts like a "Super Slaver" where you can buy 10 month old just-weaned slaves for your little girl.
After reading Barry Malzberg's Another G-dd--ned Showboat, I've realized, upon contemplating his previous work, that he's simply just a bad writer. His stories make no sense- they really *do* sound like they came from a chapter in a larger work, as another reviewer said. What if Hemmingway had become a Science Fiction writer?
But Loose Cannon was another of those stories that makes this genre so wonderful. What if Sir Lawrence had *not* died that tragic day on a motorcycle (see the beginning of Lawrence of Arabia) and had been available to meet that other great European general of the desert, Rommel? Susan Schwartz very effectively captures the character of Lawrence.
A Letter From the Pope was well done- what if the almost-last King of the Britons, Alfred, had decided to embrace a multi-religious state instead of encouraging the conquered Vikings to become Christian?
It was nice to finally see some alternate realities that considered the Muslims. Roncesvalles is such a story, where Charlemagne considers between his native Aryanist-paganism, joining the Muslim empire, and joining Byzantium's Orthodoxy. It was fairly well written, but had some historical problems- it is unlikely that the Muslims would have differentiated enough between Orthodoxy and Aryanism, for instance, to see the latter as pagan worship.
His Powder'd Wig, His Crown of Thornes was well written, with a neat idea- what if the Native Americans had joined the British and Benedict Arnold had succeeded in betraying George Washington? And so you have Arnoldsburg, District of Cornwallis. Marc Laidlaw works very well with the ideas of hagiophora and martyrdom as applied to Washington- but in the end the descriptions are simply so disgusting it turned me off to the entire story. Some images in there you do *not* want to read.
Instability is if the H-Bomb had not been developed. It is confusing and vulgar. No Spot of Ground concerns if Edgar Allen Poe had become a General in the Confederate War. It tends to drag out quite a bit, without historical divergences of significance, but has some good thoughts on how Poe might have acted within a military situation.
For me, however, the greatest story was Departures, again by the master author, Turtledove. It is a historical contingency I have often considered writing a novel on myself, though certainly with very different approaches. It considers a merchant turned monk who has flashes of divine inspiration in the composing of hymns to God. His monastery needs to prepare for the coming attack by the Persians. There is no Muslim Empire in this alternate reality.
Teaser-Genghis Khan leading the crusades.If that doesn't jump start the imagination-I don't know what will.
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And Wild For to Hold is pretty good, describing history if Anne Boleyn hadn't been around to be divorced, and the religious strife begun in England from the Act of Supremacy. But the story focuses more on an abducted Anne in the future, using all of the wiles of the historical Anne to take control of her new situation. It is a unique approach in alternative histories- what if the historical individual acted as she did historically, but in a future time?
Tundra Moss focuses on an Alaskan communications station and what would have happened if President Roosevelt had gotten sick and not given his "Day of Infamy" speech, leading to America working only on the Japanese War first and waiting to get involved in Europe. When Free Men Shall Stand is surprisingly poorly written, considering it's Poul Anderson, and describes an America with the Louisiana Territory still permanently under French control, and America at war with the great French power. It's simply very difficult to follow.
Arms and the Woman is the first excellent story in this collection, and not surprisingly, coming from James Morrow, who wrote another great story, Abe Lincoln at McDonalds, in Volume II of this collection. Here he describes what might have happened if Helen had stepped outside Troy and realized this war was being fought over her, with thousands of men dying for her. This is an interesting story because it stretches very far back into our history- further than all other stories in this collection to date- to a time that is shrouded in myth. We believe that Homer wrote history, but it is a history from a time when men understood that myth was equal with history. It deals with questions that influence so much of our lives because they occurred so early in the time stream. Morrow's writing style is also very enjoyable, tongue-in-cheek, with many humorous asides, down to the style of prophylactic.
I generally enjoy Turtledove, and Ready for the Fatherland was well written as usual, but it was simply too depressing. What if Hitler was killed by one of his generals during the Soviet campaign, causing Germany to pull back and sue for peace, controlling most of Continental Europe, with the result that England and America had to deal with both the Soviets and the Nazis for the next forty years plus? The actions of England in response are just too sad.
If you're looking for excellent literature, where the characters and setting come alive before you, read The Tomb. Here Constantine takes on the sign of the cross as his standard, but fails in his attack on Maxentius. Unfortunately, the author doesn't have a firm grasp on history, as he posits this would lead to the disappearance of Christianity. This shows no understanding of the strength of Christianity in the East, completely independent of the vagaries of the Empire, continuing under Islam and under the Persian Empire. In truth, the majority of Christians lived East of Antioch for the first 1000 years as Nestorians, with over a million spread throughout Asia- it was a predominantly Asian religion. And just as it grew by leaps and bounds under intense Roman persecution, it would not have needed Roman support to survive in the West.
Of anything Malzberg has written in this collection, Turpentine was the best. But that's not saying much. What if a bunch of college kids had gotten a hold of a nuclear reactor and threatened to blow up a school here in America, during the Johnson administration? It doesn't really have a historical divergence, or present much contact with reality, and Malzberg uses a confusing writing style without quote marks. Still, it was interesting to contemplate the possibilities.
Goddard's People was another great work, in which the space race occurs earlier between Germany and America during WWII- based on actual evidence we have of German work on rockets and the Father of Modern Rocketry, Robert Goddard. Manassas, Again could be easily removed from this collection- this despite it being written by one of the editors. What if there is a war between robots and humans? It doesn't really relate to any historical divergence. Benford adds in that it is the early 1800's, war has been abolished, and the Roman Empire is still around, but America is free- but that is one paragraph, and you get no sense at all of how that relates to this robot war.
Likewise The Number of the Sand was a substandard work. It looks at quantum possibilities, which simply get overused these days in science fiction. What are all the different scenarios for Hannibal's life? The upside of this work is it made me realize how little I knew about his campaigns and I had to look up more to read about the events of the Carthaginian Empire. Sadly, I didn't even know there was one. Now, because of this story, I do.
If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg is a wonderful story by Sir Winston Churchill, PM of England, and it also encouraged me to read up more on the events of Gettysburg. It imagines what *our* reality might be like from the perspective of an alternate future, while providing the details of the other reality. Not only a great PM, but a great author too.
If Roosevelt had been able to get involved in WWI, we have Over There. It is a great work to end this collection on, as it sees how war has changed. Rather than a specific historical figure, it uses Roosevelt as the type and looks at how a 19th century warrior might fare in the 20th.
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Worth reading for its diverstity, none of the stories are particulary 'blood-thirsty', insted they concentrate on the confilct of needing to hide the fact of vampirism and being 'famous'.
The other tales are just as entertaining, if you want a quick read then this is it. Pick a story and sink your teeth in, I guarantee you'll be satisfied!