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in which no one has returned
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Especially recommended are the chapters on minimum weight matching and the TSP.
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Unfortunately, Pushkin is given short shrift outside of his homeland. The reason is not hard to explain - most of his work is poetry, which translates badly. What's worse, even in translation his poetry wouldn't read any better than, say, Lermontov, whereas the difference would be obvious to a Russian, just as the difference between Shakespeare and Marlowe would be to an English speaker.
Pushkin's prose works provide a basis for remedying the situation. His stories are disarmingly simple and readable, just like his poetry. Yet practically every major Russian novelist of the nineteenth century acknowledged his debt to Pushkin as a model and crafter of prose, as well as a source of themes. This includes Gogol, Goncharov, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky.
My personal favorites are "The Captain's Daughter", "The Moor of Peter the Great", which is about Pushkin's own great grandfather, who was Ethiopian, and most of all "The Queen of Spades", which practically singlehandedly created the genre of stories of the supernatural. Any one of the stories can be done in one sitting (well, maybe one long sitting for a few of them). Do yourself a favor and make the acquaintance of one of the best writers that ever lived.
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The story begins when all the birds have an argument about who can fly the highest. Everyone loudly proclaims their superiority. Finally, owl points out that a contest can quickly settle this dispute.
Off they go. Many of the birds don't actually go very high. When they return to Earth, they are comforted by the ostrich (who, of course, cannot fly at all) who notes that they have each done the best that they can. Some are distracted (like the vulture) and don't continue the contest.
Finally, there seems to be a winner. Just then, an O. Henry style twist occurs to turn the contest onto its head.
"How can you fly so high?"
The answer to that question will open up important lessons about the potential for cooperation. What is impossible for one is often easy for several. Many people go throughout their lives without ever understanding that point. Anyone who has read this story will always know differently. That can be the beginning of many wonderful joint accomplishments and collaborations in life.
Dr. Goodall's epilogue uses the eagle in the story as a metaphor for her life as an outstanding scientist. "We all need an eagle." "I like to think of all these people [who helped me] as the feathers on my eagle." "Each one has played an important role." " . . . [M]y eagle is part of the great spirit power that is all around us."
Almost all children's stories emphasize individual competition. This one celebrates cooperation. Every child deserves a chance to hear the cooperative side of that choice. This book is a superb way to open up that understanding.
After you finish enjoying the story together with your child, I suggest that you think together of places and situations where two or more animals, people, or combinations thereof can accomplish more together than singly. Let you child come up with the examples. That will deepen the significance of the lesson for her or him. You can cooperate by praising the ideas.
Like Dr. Jane Goodall, her staff, and the chimpanzees in the Gombe Preserve in Tanzania, may you and your child live in peaceful cooperation with all the living creatures around you!
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We'd wanted to include the full dust jacket blurb for the 1978 1st Edition, ahead of its complete 3-Volume Topics List, as an additional public service (since Amazon doesn't happen to display an editorial review for these scarce but valuable works) -- but we were concerned about exceeding our 1,000 word limit.
So, here it is as a supplement (again, we'd like to REQUEST A COMPARATIVE REVIEW from anyone familiar with the additions and changes incorporated into the 12/2001 2nd Edition; diplomats and/or scholars, please pass this along):
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"The Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy is a selective reference work containing specially commissioned essays that explore concepts, themes, doctrines, and distinctive policies in the history of American foreign relations. The essays range in coverage from broad concepts such as isolationism and national self-determination to specific topics such as the Monroe Doctrine and the China Lobby.
This topical approach presents to serious readers - students, academicians, government officials, journalists, politicians, and the interested layman - an authoritative compendium of essays that analyze the development, application, and meaning of basic concepts in foreign policy.
The ninety-five essays in this volume are all based on the most recent scholarship, and many of them deal with topics that have not previously been the subject of consistent investigation and systematic analysis. Even in those essays that deal with material that has received considerable scholarly attention, the authors offer original syntheses and interpretations. All topics are discussed within a meaningful historical context and in a manner not available elsewhere.
The authors were not required to adhere to any standard methodology or ideological model. Among the foremost scholars in their respective fields, they have written with complete freedom. The result is not the conventional chronological account of American foreign policy but wide-ranging discussions that cover a broad political spectrum, from Left to Right.
The Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas reflects the importance of American foreign policy in the contemporary world. It is a comprehensive survey of thoughtful analyses, which enriches and clarifies foreign policy and the concepts and rhetoric associated with it. It is an undertaking unique in the historiography of American foreign relations."
WE INVITE A COMPARATIVE REVIEW from anyone familiar with the additions and updates in the 12/2001 Second Edition; diplomats and/or scholars, kindly pass this on....
Here for your delectation is the 1st Edition's complete 3-Volume Topics List (if it all fits: Volume 3 ends with "Unconditional Surrender"):
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Volume 1:
ALLIANCES, COALITIONS, AND ENTENTES, Warren E Kimball ~ AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD WAR, A. Russell Buchanan ~ ANTI-IMPERIALISM, E. Berkeley Tompkins ~ ARBITRATION, MEDIATION, AND CONCILIATIONS, Calvin D. Davis ~ ARMED NEUTRALITIES, I. Mugridge ~ ASYLUM, William 0. Walker III ~ BALANCE OF PAWER, A. E. Campbell ~ THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, J. David Singer ~ BIPARTISANSHIP, C. David Tompkins ~ BLOCKADES AND QUARANTINES, Frank J. Merli, Robert H. Ferrell ~ THE CHINA LOBBY, Warren I. Cohen ~ THE COLD WAR, George C. Herring ~ COLLECTIVE SECURITY, Roland N. Stromberg ~ COLONIALISM, Edward M. Bennett ~ CONGRESS AND FOREIGN POLICY, Bruce Kuklick ~ CONSCRIPTION, Thomas C. Kennedy ~ CONSENSUS HISTORY AND FOREIGN POLICY, Lloyd C. Gardner ~ CONSORTIA, Warren I. Cohen ~ THE CON- STITUTION AND FOREIGN POLICY, Alfred H. Kelly ~ CONTAINMENT, Barton .L Bernstein ~ THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM, Marvin R. ,Zahniser ~ DEBT COLLECTION, Richard W. Van Alstyne ~ DECISION-MAKING APPROACHES AND THEORIES, James N. Rosenau ~ THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jerry Israel ~ DÉTENTE, Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr. ~ DISARMAMENT, Merze Tate ~ DISSENT IN WARS, Russell E Weigley ~ DOLLAR DIPLOMACY, Eugene P. Trani ~ THE DOMIN0 THEORY, Ross Gregory ~ ECONOMIC FOREIGN POLICY, Joan Hoff Wilson ~ THE EISENHOWER DOCTRINE, John A. DeNovo ~ ELITISM AND FOREIGN POLICY, Richard S. Kirkendall ~ EMBARGOES, Jerald A. Combs ~ ETHNICITY AND FOREIGN POLICY, John Snetsinger ~ EXECUTIVE AGENTS, Kenneth J. Grieb ~ EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS, Diane Shaver Clemens ~ EXTRATERRITORIALITY, Jules Davids.
Volume 2:
FOREIGN AID, lan J. Bickerton ~ THE FOURTEEN POINTS, Daniel M. Smith ~ FREEDOM OF THE SEAS, Armin Rappaport ~ IDEOLOGY AND FOREIGN POLICY, Paul Seabury ~ IMPERIALISM, David Healy ~ INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE, Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, ,Jr. ~ INTERCULCURAL RELATIONS, Akira Iriye ~ INTERNATIONALISM, Warren E. Kuehl ~ INTERNATIONAL LAW, Adda B. Bozeman ~ INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Inis L. Claude, Jr. ~ INTERVENTION AND NONINTERVENTION, Doris A. Graber ~ ISOLATIONISM, Manfred Jonas ~ JOURNALISTS AND FOREIGN POLICY, James R. Boylan ~ THE KING COTTON THEORY, Gordon H. Warren ~ MANDATES AND TRUSTEESHIPS, Edward M. Bennett ~ MANIFEST DESTINY, David M Fletcher ~ THE MARSHALL PLAN, Gaddis Smith ~ MILITARISM, William Kamman ~ THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX, David F. Trask ~ MISSIONARIES, Paul A. Varg ~ MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY, Roger R. Trask ~ THE MONROE DOCTRINE, Richard W. Van Alstyne ~ THE MORGENTHAU PLAN, Warren E Kimball ~ THE MOST-FAVORED-NATION PRINCIPLE, Justus D. Doenecke ~ NATIONALISM, Lawrence S. Kaplan ~ NATIONAL SECURITY, Gerald E. Wheeler ~ NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION, Betty Miller Unterberger ~ NATIVISM, Geoffrey S. Smith ~ NAVAL DIPLOMACY, William R. Braisted ~ NEUTRALITY, Ruhl .J. Bartlett ~ THE NIXON DOCTRINE, Thomas H. Etzold ~ NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DIPLOMACY, Kenneth J. Hagan ~ OPEN DOOR INTERPRETATIONS, William Appleman Williams ~ THE OPEN DOOR POLICY, Richard W. Van Alstyne ~ PACIFISM, Charles Chatfield ~ PAN-AMERICANISM, Thomas L. Karnes ~ PEACEMAKING, Berenice A. Carroll.
Volume 3:
PEACE MOVEMENTS, Robert H. Ferrell ~ PHILANTHROPY, James A. Field, Jr. ~ POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY, Fred Harrington ~ POWER POLITICS, Thomas H. Etzold ~ PRESIDENTIAL ADVISERS, Albert H. Bowman ~ PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS, David M. Pletcher ~ PROTECTION OF AMERICAN CITIZENS ABROAD, Burton E Beers ~ PROTECTORATES AND SPHERES OF INFLUENCE, Raymond A. Esthus ~ PUBLIC OPINION, Melvin Small ~ REALISM AND IDEALISM, Paul Seabury . RECIPROCITY, Robert Freeman Smith ~ RECOGNITION POLICY, Pablo E. Coletta ~ REPARATIONS, Carl Parrini ~ REVISIONISM, Athan G. Theoharis ~ REVOLUTION AND FOREIGN POLICY, Richard E. Welch, Jr. ~ SANCTIONS, J. Chal Vinson ~ SUMMIT CONFERENCES, Theodore A. Wilson ~ TRADE AND COMMERCE, Paul S. Holbo ~ TREATIES, J. B. Duroselle ~ THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE, Walter LaFeber ~ UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER, William M. Franklin. --END.
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Shura was, to be sure, a character. But he was also brilliant in an obsessively academic way. He mastered some two dozen languages, but his field of expertise was not language. He was able to discourse on (and write academic treatments of) _Hamlet_ and _Dr. Zhivago_, but he did not teach literature. He was an economist, a quintessential Harvard professor who left a lasting mark on economic thought with his theory of "economic backwardness." He had a rather exciting early life, fleeing the Russian Revolution, and then fleeing the Nazis, before he found himself in the economic department of Harvard that was to be his academic home. He was a natural show-off. He could certainly be obnoxious and overbearing, and his students often felt they were not measuring up to his superhuman standards, but none of them forgot him, and he left a strong mark on the next generation of economists. Dawidoff makes the case that his standards were so exacting, and his sense of the overwhelming complexity of history and economics so complete, that he constantly spent time in library stacks gaining more information, but was intimidated about committing himself in print. He did, however, play chess with the artist Marcel Duchamp, disparage Vladimir Nabokov for an inept translation of Pushkin, and charm Marlene Dietrich to give him her phone number.
One of the great strengths of this engaging book is that it makes Shura's wide-ranging academic endeavors almost as exciting as his flights from political oppression. The love of reading and the love of learning just for the sake of exercising one's mind could not have a finer exemplar. And while most people would regard a life in libraries as unexciting and unromantic, Shura was fond of living his life as fully as his capacious mind would allow. After he had recovered from a cardiac arrest in the foyer of the Harvard Faculty Club, he used to bring his students to the very spot where he had temporarily died. "You know, there was nothing. No beautiful colors. No castles. No bright lights. Nothing. So, if there are things you want to say and do, don't wait. Say them and do them. You won't get the opportunity after you're dead." During decades devoted to learning, this comprehensive biography makes plain, Gerschenkron drove himself to a life which for all of its time in an ivory tower was full of exuberance and courage.
The one thing, though that Gerschenkron couldn't, or wouldn't, provide for family, friends, or colleagues - or his beloved and loving grandson - was so much as a shred of concrete information about his childhood, his youth, and anything remotely resembling his feelings. No one got into his inner life, and those who tried (and there were many) learned that it was at all times off-limits. So this book is a memoir but also a work of informed conjecture and detection.
Dawidoff, an insightful man and a compassionate reporter, draws a careful and reasoned portrait, "a biographical memoir, a work of reconstruction" that is a pleasure to read. The "dismal science," economics, has never seemed so vitally important and downright interesting as it does in this book.
Gerschenkron was hyperactive; he gave up reading the newspaper in middle age, citing the number of books he had yet to read and reasoning that the time the papers took from this was objectionable. He loved to argue and to win, but he was courtly, too. He practiced what he called "French manners," combining recognizable rules of European etiquette with extreme chivalry. He could be exasperating, but he was generous and possessed astonishing depth and breadth of knowledge (in many areas, not just economics) which he more than willingly shared with the world. Gerschenkron developed theories of economic behavior that are classics, now, and some which were of great importance to US policymakers' understanding of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and of developing nations' economic behavior. He was a prolific essayist and loved literature. Rather than read translations, he taught himself entire languages. He worked out chess problems without a chessboard. He was a character, and became something of a curmudgeon in later life.
Gerschenkron was also fiercely loyal to certain things - countries, colleagues, ideas, people, and the most ordinary stuff of his life. Dawidoff takes pleasure in this information, and I did, too Of Shura he writes. "[He] had a party (the Democrats); a team (the Red Sox); a player (Ted Williams); a board game (chess); a breed of dog (Labrador retriever); a flower (pink rose); a lower body haberdasher (he sent to a Vienna tennis shop for white linen trousers); an upper body haberdasher (he ordered his wool plaid lumber jackets and matching caps from a hunting supply outfit in Maine); a brandy; a chocolate bar; an aspirin; a bullet; a pencil; a shaving soap; a foreign bookstore; a domestic bookstore; a barber; a newsstand (he would go miles out of his way to buy his periodicals from Sheldon Cohen at Out of Town News); and a weekly news magazine (L'Espresso)." And of course he had a school, Harvard, which he loved beyond all measure. Gerschenkron's calculus was simple: the US was the best nation on earth, and Harvard its best school. He thrived there. Dawidoff claims that Harvard "made his personality possible."
Gerschenkron dominated people and gatherings and enjoyed contact, but also required and demanded great blocks of solitude. Sometimes he hurt those he loved. He insisted that his young daughter practice her flute when he wasn't at home, because the sound annoyed him. He disappointed his daughters often and had some stormy relations with friends and colleagues.
There's hardly a dull moment in this account of a life and the many lives that Gerschenkron touched, and Dawidoff has provided enough interesting tangential information to serve as jumping-off points for a lot more reading and inquiry.
There are Source Notes and Acknowledgements. The books lacks an index, which is a real shortcoming. There are hundreds of interesting and important people, places, and works of art and scholarship in this book and its publisher ought to have splurged on something so essential as a good index. Gerschenkron (a lover of notes, acknowledgements, appendices, and indices) would agree.