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offense or defense; however, the history of campaigns in western Virginia have been
overshadowed by the military events in eastern Virginia. The author notes that the two
regions of Virginia were fundamentally separated before the Civil War "....by reasons
of climate, soil and situation, Eastern Virginia remained the region of large plantations,
with heavy slave population, and profitable agriculture, especially in the production of
tobacco. West Virginia....having been settled by hunter, pioneers, lumberman and miners,
possessed little in common with her more wealthy and aristocratic neighbors beyond the
mountains." As the text notes, Virginia was already divided.
The author debunks the myth of Union solidarity in western Virginia stating that while
60% of the population were pro-Union, 40% of the population were Southern
sympathizers and they controlled 60% of the counties. The text states that on June 2nd the
first land battle of the Civil War took place when Confederate Colonel Porterfield's
command was surprised and being outnumbered fled in chaos in a defeat dubbed the
"Phillippi Races."
Many of the future problems that were to plague both armies were evident in the fighting
in western Virginia. The text illustrates the problems of incompetent, politically appointed
commanders; one example was the ex-Virginia governors Generals Wise and Floyd
refusing to cooperate and were jealous of each other. Both armies had officers lacking
military experience commanding poorly trained and woefully equipped armies.
Washington and Richmond together with their field commanders lacked working
knowledge of the area's topography, road conditions and seasonal weather so that Robert
E. Lee, a Virginian, had to personally scout the area to gain knowledge of the field. In
addition, due largely to miserable field conditions, disease played a formidable and tragic
role for the armies in the field which was an "insurmountable obstacle to any offensive
campaign."
The author states that "during the last half of July (1861), Federal forces worked diligently
to place a firm military grip on the areas of West Virginia under their control. The text
outlines the 1861 battles at Carnifax Ferry, Cheat Mountain, Sewell Mountain and
Barstow. However, before Lee had any realistic opportunity to succeed in the west "and
just four months into the war it seemed that the division of the Old Dominion was
assured." On October 29th Lee returned to Richmond for another assignment and by the
end of November the West Virginia campaigns of 1861 were over. The Confederacy
having lost control of the area in 1861, on June 20,1863, West Virginia became the 35th
state in the Union.
The author states "that the South's attempts to retain West Virginia were feeble at best."
He concludes writing "The Northern forces were not entirely successful either. They
were....more the beneficiaries of an initially inept enemy, than the heroes of a successful
campaign....The almost wilderness nature of the country, with its weary miles of steep
mountain roads that became impassable in wet weather, and the acute absence of forage
for animals were elements which the Federal commanders greatly underestimated."
Historian have not documented the 1861 battles in West Virginia as completely as
the later battles in eastern Virginia; however, the strategic failure of the Confederacy to control
western Virginia exposed the Army of Northern Virginia's left flank often requiring
deployment of critically needed forces from eastern Virginia thereby limiting Confederate
strategic options in the east.
The serious reader of Civil War history will find this account informative.
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