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At a time when the punishment for owning a copy of Gulag was DEATH, Solzhenitsyn was not afraid to stand up to the Soviet system ALONE AND UNARMED (He has a lot in common with Mahatma Ghandi).
When you are armed with truth and you stand firm, it is Evil itself that must eventually back down.
How did Solzhenitsyn gain so much courage? How did he handle the Soviet system without becoming a corpse? How was he able to write his first several books while still a prisoner in the prison camps? What kept him going when things looked the most bleak?
We can learn much about commitment, will-power, and dedication to principles of truth by seeing how Solzhenitsyn did it. By reading this book, Solzhenitsyn can be your mentor and teach you through his example.
--George Stancliffe
This is a very good exposition to probability theory at the professional level. I like it much more than I do Billingsley's "Probability and Measure" (which is a collection of essays on probability theory, sometimes only vaguely related a few chapters apart from each other, while Borovkov is a very consistent course which has the same level of rigor as Billingsley does, and which also proves some subtle but appreciable things not mentioned in Billingsley). It has a bit different flavor of tending to prove things via characteristic functions rather than directly with the cesnored random variables as in Billinsley's book. It does not cover as much measure theory as Billingsley does, and I suspect that the book implicitly assumes the student to be familiar with a standard Russian reference on functional analysis by Kolmogorov and Fomin that has an extensive treatment of Lebesgue integration. It is also nice that it has a lot of examples discussed in the text (rather than given as exercises) that help to cement the concepts. They make the text quite lively, too. Sometimes I had to spend a minute or two thinking why they believe a statement in a proof is self-evident, though.
The book starts with with the introduction of probability spaces, goes on to random variables, then to the laws of large numbers, convergence notions, and the CLTs. It also discusses renewal theory, factorization identities, Markov chains, information and entropy, martingales, continuous time stocastic processes, functional limit theorems, and Markov processes, with some measure theory stuff and a couple of more difficult theorems (extension of a measure, Kolmogorov theorem on consistent distributions, theorems of Helly and Arcela--Ascoli) given in appendices. Thus it covers more than a semester of probability theory, giving some initial reading for some four or so advanced courses. The author suggests to use the bulk of the material in the first ten or twelve chapters for a required semester course, with the rest of the book viewed as the material for shorter elective courses. The book helped me greatly in my probability theory comprehensive exam, as well as in my stochastic calculus and stochastic processes courses.
It is a pity that the book is rather expensive -- I am happy to have it in the original language on which this review is actually based.
Of historical interest it is that A.Borovkov is Kolmogorov's student.
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The journal does exist and consists of explicit confessions about intimate relationships that Pushkin had with his wife, her two sisters, and other women, which brought him to his tragic end. These astonishing events and reflections reveal unknown details of Pushkin's life - the life a nineteenth-century Russian Don Juan. If all this is factual, then it is truly a great discovery in nineteenth-century Russian literature. I would add that the same would be true for world literature as well.
Despite the suspicious circumstances related by Armalinsky, we must be fair and at least admit the possibility that these were actual events. The hint that the journal is indeed authentic is the reaction of the Soviet press. The specific nature of the official Soviet literary criticism is very different from that in the free world. If an official critic in a Soviet magazine is furious about a particular literary work and vigorously disclaims it, the ordinary people understand that this is worth reading. If an official critic praises a book, people do not pay attention to it. In other words, that which the Soviet government hates, the Soviet people like. It is worth noticing that the books attacked are usually not available to Soviet readers, so a critic can impose "his" (meaning government) opinion on the readers, who are intentionally deprived of an opportunity to establish their own opinions!
Something similar occurred this time, too. Major Soviet magazines (Ogonek, Voprosi Literaturi) published screaming articles denouncing and threatening to castrate Mikhail Armalinsky for smuggling the manuscript out of the Soviet Union. Soviets challenged Armalinsky to a duel! Why? Because Pushkin holds a place of highest honor in Russia, second only to Lenin. And the Soviet government tolerates nothing erotic to be related to their "saints." What is interesting is that, as usually happens in the Soviet Union, the article offered no literary proof of its outstanding dismay and based its accusations solely on critics disturbed emotions.
But what is all the fuss about? The journal is truly an erotic piece of literature. It is beautifully crafted. It can be described in a few words as a hymn to female genitalia. The author (whether Pushkin or Armalinsky or someone else remains to be seen) reveals his position toward life, which has only two values: literature and women (not necessarily in that order!).
A woman, for Pushkin, is the carrier, keeper, and custodian of the God, who appears on earth in the shape of her genitals and in the state of emotions that they produce. Because genitals are a physical form of God, their influence and force wears out, as does anything physical. Therefore, the only way to maintain the strength of the sacred feelings produced by female genitalia was, for Pushkin, to change women and, consequently, their genitals in order to refresh God's appearance with constant renewal. This task clashed with his marriage in the last years of his life, and reflections of that create the content of Secret Journal.
The footnotes by Armalinsky in the English edition explain the references to the names of people mentioned by Pushkin.
The journal contains many erotic observations of human nature that are poignant and clever; some are funny, many are controversial and even objectionable to some. But are not these qualities of a good piece of literature that is enjoyed and recommended to others?
It would be interesting to see a detailed analysis that would prove me wrong, but I have not yet seen one. According to U.S. law but not Soviet law, one is innocent until proven guilty. Thus, meanwhile, let us enjoy Pushkin's Secret Journal. As Armalinsky says in the preface, "Pushkin's literary reputation is so strong that his personal reputation could not shake it, but on the contrary promises us a remarkable study of human nature, which, because of its immutability, makes us all one with the past as well as the future."
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