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In the letter, Locke argues that all religious practices should be tolerated unless they are a threat to the proper functioning of the state. Some specific practices are not tolerated - Locke perceives the Catholic allegiance to the Pope, at that time, not only a religious leader, but also an influential foreign political leader, as a threat to the state, and he believes that atheists cannot be trusted by the state, since they have no higher power to whom they can swear an oath. Locke does not tolerate these individuals, because of his (inaccurate) perceptions of them, but religion is still not the basis for their non-toleration. (In the sense that others who are inherently untrustworthy, or bowed to a foreign ruler, would also not be tolerated, regardless of their religion).
The toleration of some other practices is situational. For instance, a state that normally has no law against individuals slaughtering animals (for food, et al) cannot prevent a religious sect from sacrificing an animal, but if that same state, needing meat for its troops in a time of war, bans all private citizens from killing animals, then this ban applies likewise to the sacrifice of animals as part of religious worship. This is not a state of license, in that the civil government does not actively promote a variety of (or for that matter, any) religious practices, but it is a state of negative liberty, in which the state remains neutral to the religious content of religious worship. Specific sects or acts of worship can be banned if they are "prejudicial to other men's rights" or they "break the public peace of societies," but they cannot be banned on religious grounds.
Some critics have argued that Locke's Letter is no longer very relevant: he deals only with religious toleration, and religious toleration is widely accepted and practiced in the modern Western world. However, the historical context of the Letter suggests it retains its relevance. In Locke's day, religion was not the dormant issue it is today; rather it was the most controversial issue of public debate. Before Locke, toleration was just something the underdog wished for in order to survive until he gained power over everyone else. Locke, however, goes beyond this pettiness and creates a theoretical defense of toleration as an extension of his political theory. While Locke probably did not imagine the controversial issues of political debate today, the broad basis for his defense of religious toleration implicitly justifies other sorts of social toleration in the modern world.
If a state is created for the purposes and by the methods Locke suggests in his Second Treatise, then the men who consent to form such a state retain a significant negative liberty of belief and action. Any of these beliefs or actions must be tolerated by the state unless they fail Locke's criteria for religious toleration, namely, unless they are "prejudicial to other men's rights" or they "break the public peace of societies."
This Routledge edition uses the original William Popple translation of Locke's Letter (which Locke published in Latin). Locke claimed that Popple undertook this translation without his permission, though the editors in this edition question the truth of this claim. In any case, the translation is at times more "radical" than Locke's original text. Horton and Mendus have also included a collection of essays written in response to Locke's letter that examine the relationship between the Letter and the Treatises and the modern relevance of Locke's argument for toleration. The need for toleration is as great in our own time as it was in John Locke's, and his contribution to the debate is likewise as valuable now as it was then.
VOLUME I.
Preface to the Works (editors).
Life of the Author (editors).
An Analysis of Mr. Locke's Doctrine of Ideas (editors).
An Essay concerning Human Understanding, to the end of Book III, Chapter VI.
VOLUME II.
An Essay concerning Human Understanding, concluded.
Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity (editors).
Of the Conduct of the Understanding.
Some Thoughts concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman.
Elements of Natural Philosophy.
A New Method of a Common-Place-Book; written originally in French, and translated into English.
Index to the Essay concerning Human Understanding.
Index to the Additional Pieces in this Volume.
VOLUME III.
A Letter to the Right Rev. Edward Lord Bishop of Worcester, concerning some Passages relating to Mr. Locke's Essay of Human Understanding, in a late Discourse of his Lordship's in Vindication of the Trinity.
Mr. Locke's Reply to the Bishop of Worcester's Answer to his letter.
An Answer to Remarks upon an Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Mr. Locke's Reply to the Bishop of Worcester's Answer to his second Letter.
Index.
VOLUME IV.
Some Considerations of the Consequences of lowering the Interest, and raising the Value of Money. In a letter sent to a Member of Parliament, in the Year 1691.
Short Observations on a printed Paper, entitled, 'for encouraging the coining of Silver Money in England, and after, for keeping it here.'
Further Considerations concerning raising the Value of Money. Wherein Mr. Lowndes's Arguments for it, in his late Report concerning an Essay for the Amendment of the Silver Coin, are particularly examined.
Two Treatises of Government. In the former, the false Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and his Followers, are detected and overthrown; the latter is an Essay concerning the Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government.
Index.
VOLUME V.
A Letter concerning Toleration, being a Translation of the Epistola de Tolerantia.
A second Letter concerning Toleration.
A third Letter for Toleration: To the Author of the third Letter concerning Toleration.
A fourth Letter for Toleration.
Index.
VOLUME VI.
The Reasonableness of Christianity, as delivered in the Scriptures.
A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity, from Mr. Edwards's Reflections.
A second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity.
Index.
VOLUME VII.
A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, I and II Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians. To which is prefixed an Essay for the Understanding of St. Paul's Epistles, by consulting St. Paul himself.
Index.
VOLUME VIII.
Some Thoughts Concerning Education.
An Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all Things in God.
A Discourse of Miracles.
Memoirs relating to the Life of Anthony, first Earl of Shaftesbury.
Some familiar Letters between Mr. Locke, and several of his Friends.
Index.
VOLUME IX.
Continuation of familiar Letters between Mr. Locke and several of his Friends.
The Dedication prefixed to 'a Collection of several Pieces of Mr. John Locke, published by Mr. Des Maizeaux.'
The Character of Mr. Locke, by Mr. Peter Coste: With a letter relating to that Character, and to the Author of it.
The fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.
A Letter from a Person of Quality to his Friend in the Country; giving an Account of the Debates and Resolutions of the House of Lords, in April and May, 1675, concerning a Bill, intitled, 'an Act to prevent the Dangers which may arise from Persons disaffected to the Government.'
Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, wherein he asserts P. Malebranche's Opinion of seeing all Things in God.
A Letter to Mr. Oldenburg, Secretary to the Royal Society.
Letters to Anthony Collins, Esq.
A Letter to the Reverend Richard King.
A Letter to *** on Dr. Pococke.
Letters to the Reverend Richard King.
Rules of a Society, which met once a Week, for their Improvement in useful Knowledge, and for the promoting of the Truth and Christian Charity.
Letters to Mrs. Cockburn.
Letter to Mr. Bold.
Letter to Mr. Clarke.
Letter from Lord Shaftesbury to Bishop Fell.
Letter from Sir Peter King to the third Earl of Shaftesbury.
Observations upon the Growth and Culture of Vines and Olives: The Production of Silk: The Preservation of Fruits. Written at the Request of the Earl of Shaftesbury; to whom they are inscribed.
A History of Navigation from its Original to the Year 1704.
A Catalogue and Character of most Books of Voyages and Travels.
Index.
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General Comments:
The books are well produced. Cloth bound, dark blue covers, with a simple and elegant design. The books come in a box, which although attractive, is not entirely practical - wedging a book out is a pain. That said, the books are handsome and will grace your library.
This is a reprint of a 1794 book. As was common at that time, an older form of the letter "s" was used for some word positions, which looks rather like a modern "f". This can take some getting used to. The first sentence of "Human Understanding", for example, looks rather like this: "SINCE it is the underftanding, that fets man above the reft of fenfible beings, and gives him all the advantage and dominion which he has over them; it is certainly a fubject, even for its noblenefs, worth our labour to inquire into."
There is little in the way of editorial commentary. What there is is noted in the table of contents. The editors did put together indices, generally one per volume (the exception is volume I, which has the first part of the Essay concerning Human Understanding, the index for the entirety of which is in volume II).
Strange as it may seem, there is no collected works for Locke more recent than 1794. If a collected works is what you want, you can get this, or wait and hope that someday modern scholars will come up with something.
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Manpo-kei provides knowledge, tools, and strategies to make informed, personal choices about physical activity using pedometers as a guide. More specifically, Dr. Tudor-Locke presents background as to why inactivity is such a widespread problem, discusses pedometer selection and use (including a shopping checklist for purchasing a pedometer), and offers a user-friendly, theoretically based approach to goal setting and tracking step counts for the lifetime. She provides activity and tracking calendars, as well worksheets where readers are encouraged to answer questions pertaining to their personal activity behaviors and are asked to reexamine their step goals and experiences to make necessary adjustments to maintain activity. In addition, Dr. Tudor-Locke dispels the myth that 10,000 steps per day is for everyone. Step goals are personal and should reflect beginning step counts as well as personal health and/or fitness goals. Her "More Than Before" concept toward goal setting considers the importance of individualized step goals that will elicit benefits as well as sustainability.
What I like best about this book is the approach. The underlying theme about being more physically active by making informed choices, setting personal pedometer step goals, and tracking progress is discussed in entertaining and simple terms. The fact that the material is based on Dr. Tudor-Locke's personal experiences, professional knowledge, and her own research findings demonstrates the credibility, relevance, and effectiveness of the outlined techniques. Readers, and hopeful new pedometer users, can easily relate the information in Manpo-kei to their personal lives in a way that will provide the impetus to adopt a naturally physically active lifestyle over the long term. It is without hesitation that I recommend this book to those who want to learn more about an exciting and practical new approach to human movement.
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