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The assumptions that go into item characterizations and test designs are discussed here; these assumptions are frequently glossed over or accepted as "fact" by many in the psychometric field. My own interests are in the type of test called a Mastery test. The test design criteria for a Mastery test are different than those for a general achievement test (e.g., the SAT). The stopping rules, the range of item difficulties, and the next-item selection algorithm should be tailored to the needs of a Mastery test, but this is not always the case. One consequence is that if an examinee misses several items early on in a poorly designed Mastery test, it may be difficult or impossible to recover, because the items at the beginning usually carry the most "weight" toward the final score or grade. Wainer gives a good description of the design criteria for different situations and how to avoid various problems and pitfalls.
Chapter 6, Scaling and Equating, shows the reader how an open-ended logarithmic scoring scale - used by any CAT based on IRT - is converted to a fixed scale such as 0-100 or 0-1000. A variety of methods are available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
This primer is cited by the Microsoft Corporation in their electronic white paper on adaptive testing (along with Lord's book and several other references.) Microsoft also has a sample adaptive test available. This test has at least three incorrect answers in it, and the impact of giving the real correct answer to an item, but having it graded as incorrect, is easily seen. Other items on the Microsoft sample CAT have assigned item difficulties that are out of line with their true difficulties. These types of problems are covered in Wainer's book but not in any of the other references on adaptive testing or IRT that I have perused.
A nice touch in the primer is a chapter-by-chapter "running story" about Cindy and Scott who apply for jobs and go through the adaptive-test-taking experience. The story line is constructed to fit in with the concepts covered in each chapter. Another feature in the book is the inclusion of Exercise/Study Questions at the end of each chapter. Many books on IRT include similar questions and exercises, probably a consequence of being written by educators who write textbooks. Wainer does not include the answers, but they can be deduced if one actually reads the book.
The book does not provide computer algorithms or pseudocode that would allow one to actually create an adaptive test Hopefully, a future edition will provide better guidance in this area. Although almost a decade since its initial publication, Wainer's book is still a good reference book for anyone interested in computer adaptive testing.


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In this book there is a planetary life force which can move mountains and dig valleys in a single day, make new oceans and change the course of rivers. With all of this said, this race is rather a benevolent and what they really want is to communicate with the humanoid species that are now claiming the planet for their own the Tenarins.
On a rountine survey of the planet Domarius IV, Captain Jean-Luc Picard and the Starship Enterprise crew encounter the Tenarins as they try to hijack an Enterprise shuttle with Data, Troi, Wesley Crusher and two of his friends as they leave the planet with some interesting soil and rock samples. Caught up in the Tenarin tractor beam the shuttle is about to break up when it disappears in a flash of colorful light and is transported to a subterranian location.
Now, with the Enterprise closing in, the Tenarin captain and Jean-Luc Picard also become missing in a flash of colorful light and are transported to the planet's surface. All of the time under the watchful eye of the planetary intelligence which are diamond shaped with light of different colorsul coursing though them.
Until the planetary intelligence discovers how to communicate with the humanoids things become quite mystifing. Data is the link by which the planetary intelligence gains the knowledge to communicate. All along the planetary race that can move mountains is preparing the planet for humanoid life and as they begin to wake-up from their one-thousand year sleep, their mission is about to become complete as the Tenarins looking for a home are invited to stay.
This was an interesting read and kept my attention, but it wasn't one of the best TREK novels as the mystery, intrigue and action-adventure was rather lacking and some areas of the story bogged down to a near halt.
All in all, this story is a good 4 stars it could have been written with more action-adventure and intrigue to carry the reader to the ending.



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Veteran Lovecraft scholars will enjoy this work because of the editors' efforts at placing each selection of letters in its proper context. These little annotations assist the reader in gaining a better understanding of the author's need to communicate with kindred spirits (despite his avowed misanthropy), his attempts to battle his depression with satiric humor, and the sometimes extreme lengths undertaken to cope with the slide into poverty and near starvation.
Well researched and ably constructed, Joshi and Schultz's offering is a welcome addition. Highly recommended.

Most of the letters are new to me, even though I am familiar with the contents of the multi-volume Arkham House "Collected Letters." Virtually all the letters are a delight to read, since poor Lovecraft could find entertainment in even the most humdrum activities... consider the wild Arabian Nights bazaar-haggling fantasy he inserts into the account of his search for a good, cheap suit, after a thief made away with almost everything he owned in the way of wearables.
The text has one annoying defect; the letters are usually not introduced by telling us who they were written to, and one must repeatedly turn to a couple of pages marked "sources" for this vital info. Lovecraft's tone and style, and openness or reticence, varied greatly with correspondent, and this is background info you have to have to appreciate a given letter.
Typographical errors are very few; I spotted only about four, all probably transcription errors in copying from Lovecraft's microscopically hand-written originals.
Like the majority of university press books I have seen over the past 40 long-suffering years, this one suffers from what Lovecraft himself might call "preternaturally odious" design. The cover consists of a fuzzy snapshot of Lovecraft superimposed on a collage of details from old engravings, and each major section is defaced by a grey blob that is probably imagined, by someone with no sense of design, to be decorative. Chapter headings seem to have been affected by word-processing runaway, so that for instance the index is headed "Marriage and Exile, Clinton Street and Red Hook"!
Let's just say I loved every word of it. After you read it, this should go right on the shelf with your worn, much-read volumes of Lovecraft fiction, and you'll find yourself dipping into it at random, at odd times. What a man! Recommended!

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Not so with the Certification Zone materials. Here a candidate will learn to master protocol behaviour, and to think through the implications of situations posed. One learns to read questions carefully, and to examine the answer choices with a critical eye. Trick questions? Only to those unwilling to take the extra step necessary to become expert.
The Certification Zone materials are not meant to be the only study aids for the CCIE candidate. They are designed to provide the finishing touches to the preparation required to pass this exam. As such, the materials are probably more difficult than the real thing. The questions can be frustrating to those who think they know enough just to get by.
Among the nice features of this CD format are the ability to choose from among several full blown simulated CCIE written exams, as well as the ability to focus on particular topics, such as LAN protocols, WAN protocols, bridging, or routing protocols.
There are plenty of other study materials available. But for those willing to accept the Certification Zone challenge to become a master of networking technology, this CD is a definite must and a valuable part of any preparation effort.
I used the Certification Zone CD extensively in the three weeks prior to my taking the written test, and I passed with miles to spare. I believe I had an edge because I accepted the Certification Zone challenge, and used the materials to help me hone my critical thinking - something quite valuable in a test as challenging as the CCIE written.
I should add that although I did not use the materials for the CCNA, this CD also contains an extensive set of test questions and practice tests for the CCNA exam as well. So an investment by those just starting their certification pursuits can serve candidates well at both the beginning and end of their certification pursuits.
All in all, I have to say that the Study Questions 2000 CD is most definitely a good addition to any Cisco certification candidate's toolkit.

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