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I started using the physical tests for my juniors this week, and I was surprised to see a few of them in the upper percentages. I've also added two of the tests to my lesson plan for new students.
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Segregation advocates recognized even fifty years ago that their arguments for separate schools were weak in light of the 14th Amendment. The surprise is the degree to which the Warren Court took psychological testimony, the self esteem argument, into account. Separate schools, they concluded, could not be equal simply because of the stigma that separation imposed on black children. Full and equal citizens must enjoy the right to participate fully and equally in the society.
The book traces the progress of desegregation from 1954 onward, including busing and other measures to force integration. Mr. Irons laments the limited success of these measures in achieving their objective, equal educational and financial achievement by blacks in an integrated society.
Why, then, do differences persist? Mr. Irons argues that ongoing differences result from continued de facto separation of the races in schools, the inferior economic status of blacks, and the high incidence of single mothers among the black population. These situations perpetuate a cycle of lower expectations, lower self-esteem and lower achievement among blacks. Take them away, he suggests, and blacks would perform at the same level as everyone else in society.
Mr. Irons takes the obligatory swipe at "The Bell Curve," leading with the phrase "Virtually all reputable scholars reject claims, most recently leveled by Richard Herrenstein and Charles Murray.....who conducted no research of their own." It is true that they saw their task as compilation.. They acknowledged that the relationships among social status, income, intelligence and race are vastly complex. Their goal was to bring together and analyze all the significant statistical data from diverse studies in many countries over many decades. Though one would not know it from the reception it got, the book is not even primarily about race. Mr. Irons did not footnote his claim about "all reputable scholars." The only one he cites, Richard Nisbett, has not written a book on the subject, only a 16-page tract entitled "Race Genetics and IQ," ..It cites a handful of studies with limited numbers of subjects dating mostly from the 1930s to the 1970s. Mr. Irons chooses to ignore a number of published authors he must regard as disreputable, among them William Shockley, Arthur Jensen, and Philippe Rushton. Whatever their shortcomings, they have published books to offer their thoughts for public scrutiny. Mr. Irons should not have ducked the chance to refute them.
Mr. Irons is totally focused on U.S. society. The book would be richer, though his thesis would be more difficult to support, if he were to consider the situation of blacks elsewhere in the world. He would find that whatever their situation with regard to education and income, the degree of equality between blacks and whites in the U.S far exceeds that in any other part of the world, including Africa, Europe, the Caribbean and Latin America. Jim Crow is a weak explanation for the status of blacks in France or Haiti.
Thinkers throughout the history of our country, including great minds such as deTocqueville Twain and Mencken have devoted a great deal of thought to the natures of the races and relationships between them. While there is no agreement, all would say it is tremendously complex. School integration and busing were simple ideas that had their opportunity to resolve the situation. They didn't. We can thank Mr. Irons for a wonderful history lesson. Sadly, his thinking is trapped in his own history.
You will gain an erudite perspective with regards to the impact of Jim Crow schools. "Jim Crow's Children" illuminates a progressive evolution that embarks upon the journey through slavery, to sharecroppers, to 'nigras', to Negro's, to Blacks, and to present day African-American socioeconomic plights. Court cases are interspersed throughout this lucid and professionally-researched anthropology throughout the past 150 years. This collection of historic, judicial impact superbly demonstrates the current situation that faces our education system and affirms the book's statistics through Peter Irons's interview with high school students.
PERSONAL REVIEW - Awesome, Thought-provoking, Engaged, Intellectual, Piercing and Educational are words that describe this compilation. I agree with the reader below, who remarks that many of the statistics divulged are extremely confusing in prose, compared to charts. This setback is cumbersome and I believe the only foible of the author.
Education is only one example where the disparity of whites and blacks diverge. Both races are to censure (and laud), our accomplishments, as well as our governmental policies and jurisprudence. I was surprised to learn of the glaring statistic of black, female head-of-household in urban cities and the author's comments of role models for OUR nation's black children (I am Caucasian). Too often, I find the personalities of Rev. Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, and Louis Farrachan chide white America on the divergence of race relations and blame our society for its woes. Why isn't their rhetoric more solution-based to create alternative methods to mollify the affect of languishing family values (ie: dead beat dads, poverty, safe sex, education, drugs, cultural integration, etc.) for BOTH races?
I highly recommend reading this book, regardless of race, disposition, or creed. In addition, I encourage you to discuss and debate the issues as we strive for racial harmony. For without intellectual dialogue we will continue to have "two cities: one white, one black." Perhaps, Peter Irons will be an expert witness with the University of Michigan admissions policy.
I did have two qualms with the book however. The more trivial one is that I thought that the numerous statistics were confusingly presented, perhaps because the author tried to summarize them in prose rather than in charts. There were repeated times that I had to re-read those portions of the book and I feel that that was mostly because the author did not do a good job of clearly summarizing the statistical information for his readers. I feel that the use of charts would have been more helpful (and perhaps more dramatic as well in terms of proving the author's points).
My other complaint goes to the issue of the remedy to the problem. It seems to me (and I think that the author concedes as much) that a good portion of the reason for the problems that exist today relate to changes in demographics, culture and societal forces which are beyond the power of the courts or the legislature to change--just as some judges and commentators have stated. To be sure, these changes include white flight to the suburbs, but nevertheless people live where they live and little can be done about that. Thus, in that sense, to the extent that most children attend schools in which their own race predominates (as in the pre-Brown days), I'm not sure that I would call that a "failure" or a "broken promise" of the Brown decision. The author seems to take this point as a given, but then proceeds to say that we should not give up; that we should keep trying to fulfill the promises of the Brown case notwithstanding that; that we should search for the harder solution.
One possibility for that solution is of course a modified "separate but equal" solution in which separation still exists (though for societal reasons and not due to legally sanctioned segregation) but this time with true equality in terms of funding, teachers, facilities, etc. In other words, make the black schools just as good as the white schools.
Irons seems to disapprove of this solution on a number of grounds, and I tend to agree with him. As Thurgood Marshall stated, the idea and the ideal is true integration between the races and NOT separate but equal, even if there were true "equality" in the senses I have stated.
But, if we rule out this possibility, doesn't this leave only one other possibility, that being busing? Irons never comes right out and advocates a return to the days of busing (perhaps because it remains a political hot button issue), but it seems to me that there is no other alternative which he leaves open to us. With that in mind, I would have preferred him to come out more directly and specifically with his own solution to the problem which he lays out so well. I believe that the only solution he leaves us with is busing, but he seems reluctant to come out and say that in so many words. If that his solution however, I think that the book would have benefitted from a discussion as to how busing might work today and how it might overcome the problems it faced in the 1970's. On the other hand, if he has in mind some other solution, I would have liked him to say what that is.