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No doubt this misalignment accounts for the fact that there has been no major study of his work or its contribution to the discipline of art history. Art historians routinely read Fried's work through his seminal essay on minimalism of 1967 "Art and Objecthood" as if this essay holds the key to his particular brand of Greenbergian formalism. When this essay is used to disparage Fried's project, the argument goes something like this: the anti-theatrical tendency in art he praises there (the denial of the spectator, as against art that stages or theatricalises spectatorship) is simply a formal connivance, akin to Greenberg's will to flatness, which he imposes on earlier art in order to justify his taste in modern art. His historical trilogy, Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot, Courbet's Realism, and Manet's Modernism, or, the Face of Painting in the 1860s, is then read against the grain as unhistorical speculation rather than a careful tracing of the fate of the anti-theatrical project in French painting. The historical grounding of his interrogation of spectatorship is thereby missed.
But academic times have changed; with the so called 'visual turn' in the humanities, and the concomitant interest in theories and histories of vision, Fried's project is ripe for reevaluation. This challenge is taken up by Refracting Vision, the first in depth analysis of his work by three Australian scholars: Jill Beaulieu, Mary Roberts and Toni Ross.
This anthology of essays complicates the polarisation of the art historical field into two camps. For that reason alone, it is essential reading for all art historians who are interested in the theoretical and methodological basis of their discipline. And shouldn't that mean everyone in any case? The collection also does much more than this: it contextualises Fried's practice, draws out some of his more recondite terms and themes, and takes his work into areas that he could never have anticipated. Very highly recommended!
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These activities seem pretty silly to me as a parent, but the kids loved them. The book also encourages the kids to observe many different things about the bugs and their behaviors. Heightening the kids awareness of small details is a good skill the kids can apply to other activities.
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Most of the contributors are Old Earth (OE) or Progressive creationists, but none of the contributors are deists (i.e., they don't reject the notion that God might break the laws governing the universe). This does not mean that it is assumed in the book that evolution and intelligent design are mutually exclusive concepts. Ratzsch's contribution, "Design, Chance & Theistic Evolution," is a study of whether chance could be a method of design. He concludes, "Theistic evolutionists can even take specific features of the cosmos, of organisms, as empirical evidence of design - design built into the founding of the cosmos" (p.309). This does not mean that any of the contributors (not even Ratzsch) believe in theistic evolution. Rather, he concludes, "although the gap between design theory and theistic evolution is thus not as broad as generally believed, ... design theory has available to it resources beyond the reach of theistic evolution" (p.309) (i.e., ID involves arguments of postcreation design and intervention).
At first glance, once might come away with the impression that ID is essentially the same as the OE view. But in reality, at least four of the contributors do believe in the Young Earth (YE) view - so if one enjoys this book, one should be made aware that some contributors might be offended by labeling YE, "irrational" or "untenable." In particular, I speak of philosophers Nelson and Reynolds, who defend the YE view in _Three Views on Creation and Evolution_, edited by Reynolds and Moreland. Nelson and Reynolds list two other contributors to MC in the YE camp: anthropologist Hartwig-Scherer and her biologist husband, Scherer. (It should also be noted that at least two contributors to another ID book, _The Creation Hypothesis_, edited by Moreland, are also YE theorists: paleontologist Wise and linguist Oller.) Why can't one tell which contributors believe in what? Because it has always been held by YE creationists that Darwinism can be destroyed apart from age questions - so why not concede billions of years? As Dembski says in the Introduction, ID is "a theory of creation that puts Christians in the strongest possible position to defeat the common enemy of creation, to wit, naturalism. Throughout history common enemies have been invaluable for suspending in-house squabbles and uniting people" (pp.13-14). OE and YE are specified subdivisions of ID.
The two essays concerning the Big Bang should not discourage YE theorists. Craig concludes, in "Design & the Cosmological Argument," "the cause of the universe must be a transcendent Personal Agent" as opposed to being caused by abstract objects (p.354). I think all ID theorists can agree with that. Ross's essay, "Big Bang Model Refined by Fire," does give a brief defense of the big bang model, but is mostly about the fine-tuning of the universe, with three tables of evidence, including an estimate of the probability for attaining the necessary parameters for life support. Strangely, Ross starts his chapter with what seems to be an advertisement for his books. More surprisingly, he claims in Table 15.2, without empirical support, that "intelligent physical life is [only] possible" in a universe that is 10 to 24 billion years old. This claim appears impossible to prove, especially since an Intelligent Designer could bypass any rules that Ross imposes on creation. If there is to be a truce between OE and YE creationists, then both sides will have to give up making vague, unsubstantiated assertions, and rather concentrate on the unity that Dembski described.
You don't need to know much about this book or its contributors to know that the mutation/ natural selection mechanism has been rejected. For example, Johnson doesn't hold natural selection in high regard in chapter 2 of his _Darwin on Trial_. Or take Behe, whose DBB sought to be a formal disproof of the idea that mutation and natural selection can create molecular machines.
Contrary to what one reviewer wrote, ID is not an assumption; it's a deduction from the evidence - an inference to the best explanation. Design can only be inferred when law and chance have been eliminated. The authors certainly have no plans of following "in Charles Darwin's footsteps." Darwin's mission was to explain how to get designed products without invoking a Designer. To follow in Darwin's footsteps would mean to set up and destroy straw men and to hold to materialistic philosophy no matter what the evidence reveals. (Read Pearcey's contribution for more on this point - it's the lightest of the 18 chapters.) Of course, many of the authors have dedicated over two decades individually to the meticulous study of the physical evidence; and combined, the authors have dedicated over two centuries.
It has been over three years since the Mere Creation Conference, and participants are making great strides. ID theorists are continuing their research and will continue to get their books published by university presses: Dembski's _The Design Inference_ (Cambridge University Press, 1998) and Nelson's _On Common Descent_ (University of Chicago Press, 1999) are just the beginning. Also, look for future works by Meyer and Wells. And although the future looks bright, I'm not so sure I'm as optimistic as Johnson is in the Afterword: he foresees a celebration marking "the demise of the Darwinist ideology," perhaps as early as 10 or 20 years from now (p.448). If Darwinism were just a scientific theory, then perhaps Johnson's dream could come true. But as the foundation of a philosophy - materialism - defeating Darwinism might be difficult. Evidence by itself cannot change hearts or open minds.
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