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This collection of essays and commentary features a selection of Acton's thoughts on the interrelation between church and state, religion, politics and morality. The first section features essays on Liberal Catholicism; the second section includes Acton's commentary on the Vatican Council; and the third section features Perspectives on History, Religion and Morality. The fourth and final section features an intriguing collection of quotations on various topics like Liberty, Conscience, Church, Democracy, Federalism, Nationality, Property and Socialism to name a few. This final section makes the book very useful resource for Acton's witticisms. I don't wholeheartedly embrace all of the ideas of Acton, but this book is nonetheless an eye-openning window into European Old Whig political thought during the 19th century.
L.Bruin, CDRE
John Painter seeks to restore the portrait of "Just James" to its original brilliance. He considers every ancient text that bears on James: the handful of references in the New Testament, the short but significant testimony of Josephus, the thin line of orthodox remembrance and the much more abundant Gnostic and heretical appropriation of James' image. The available information about James has never before been so carefully and thoroughly assembled. Sadly, though, the pigments on the canvas remain scattered and faded, so that the Painterly picture has in it, in the end, more of the artist than the subject.
On some elements of James' life, Professor Painter is fresh and convincing. He demonstrates the weakness of the evidence underlying the conventional opinions that James and the other "brothers of the Lord" converted to belief in Jesus only after His death and that James did not become the "leader" (whatever leadership may signify at that point in Christian history) of the Jerusalem church until Peter departed from the city. He also offers a clear treatment of the early controversy over mission strategies, though his symmetrical schema of six "positions" in the debate over preaching to non-Jews may be too abstract and tidy to reflect reality.
On the other hand, his discussion of other topics is less satisfactory. On the degree of kinship between Jesus and James, he presents the standard arguments against Jerome's hypothesis (that the two were cousins) but rejects the traditional view of the Eastern Church (that they were half-brothers) without grappling with it. His argument is half well-poisoning (guilt by association with the often-preposterous Protevangelium of James) and half literalism ("adelphos" means "brother", and that's that, as if there were any other natural Greek word to use for a brother by only one parent).
Even worse is his analysis of the motives that led the Jerusalem authorities to put James to death in 62 A.D., an action that the non-Christian Josephus characterizes as a judicial murder. The natural assumption, unanimously supported by Christian accounts, is that James was martyred for professing Christ. Professor Painter, on virtually no evidence, prefers to believe that James was closely associated with economically distressed Temple priests of pharisaic tendencies and was executed for his advocacy of their interests. Such a socioeconomic interpretation may resonate today, but one wonders how James and his small congregation could have genuinely threatened the political power of the High Priesthood and whether Professor Painter is right to presume that Pharisees would not have objected to injustice against someone who was not of their own faction.
Questionable points like these do not, however, undermine the value of this scholarly labor. The limitations of the surviving sources necessarily make the history of early Christianity largely a study of two apostles (or of one and a half, since Pauline material is so much more abundant than Petrine). An effort to fill in some of the rest of the picture is welcome.
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Kleinig begins by examining the figure of King David in the liturgical life of ancient Israel. He writes, "David is... presented in Chronicles both as the heir of Moses in enacting his ritual legislation and as a second Moses in establishing the worship at the temple in Jerusalem," (pg. 29). David grounds his liturgical directions from rituals described in the Pentateuch, including the development of a Levitical choir to sing praise after receiving the proleptic gifts in Old Testament worship.
"The Lord's Song" also presents many interesting views on the connections between music to the whole burnt offering, music to the warfare of ancient Israel and music to Israelite life in general. These connections are insightful and valid. I found that the relationship between the Levitical choir and the Israelite army well-thought out and described.
The only drawbacks of this book are the following: 1) the price is too high; 2) reading this book moves at a very slow pace even if you are already well-read in theology; 3) Kleinig only hints at some of the New Testament connections woven into the threads of Chronicles... for instance, he mentions a little at the end about the relationship to Jesus as the leader of the Church's praise (based on Zephaniah 3:17, Rom. 15:9 and Heb. 2:12), but not as much as this topic deserves. The rest of his work is dedicated specifically to Old Testament historical usages, which is interesting but not of much current soteriological value.
Nonetheless, Kleinig's work is informative, Biblical, well-thought out and well-argued. I recommend this book, even though it comes with a heavy price tag.
This is an anthology of poems, of different lengths. Lear's style can make even the most serious adult burst with laughter. I was stifling my laughs in the library. I think you're never too old for funny poems such as these, and reading books like this can be cathartic during stressful times.
Read these poems to everyone you know.
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