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This stretches Miki beyond belief, but she can't deny what's happening in their daily rendezvous at the typewriter. Slowly but surely, kicking and screaming, Miki learns to accept that
"Death ends a life but not a relationhip", and a new chapter in their life together begins. A most beautifully written book, full of fun and compassion inspite of the pain, it will also be of great help to those losing a partner or those coming to terms with the possiblity of life after death.
This stretches Miki beyond belief, but she can't deny what's happening in their daily rendezvous at the typewriter. Slowly but surely, kicking and screaming, Miki learns to accept that
"Death ends a life but not a relationhip", and a new chapter in their life together begins. A most beautifully written book, full of fun and compassion inspite of the pain, it will also be of great help to those losing a partner or those coming to terms with the possiblity of life after death.
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Vertosick extends the neural network model to explain how all intelligent systems work. Intelligent systems include organisms, parts of organisms, and associations of organisms. His basic idea is that any system that processes information to maintain and preserve itself in competition with other systems must be considered intelligent. He shows how general the neural network model of intelligence can be, applying it to metabolic cycles in the cell, to concerted action by communities of cells, both loosely connected in colonies and tightly connected in multicellular organisms. The hard wiring of vertebrate nervous systems is shown to be a special case of this general paradigm.
A key concept is that of the "party network." This is a wireless network like the one formed by conversations at a cocktail party. People spend various amounts of time with each other on the basis of their common interests. The differing levels of affinity between pairs of party goers plays the same role as the connection weights between neurons in a neural network. Each of the people at the party is connected with every other by the network of interactions that take place over time, but some are more strongly connected than others. The mobility of the neurons (people in this case) in initiating new connections (conversations) makes hard wiring unnecessary to the development of network structure in the group. You can show the network in action by having one person introduce a piece of controversial information to one other person at the beginning, then asking each of the partygoers what he thinks about the subject at the end.
The metabolic processes of a cell form a party network of interacting enzyme and substrate systems. These systems are connected through the interchange of substrate and products. The result is a network that transforms a few simple substrate molecules into the vast variety of interconnected macromolecules that defines the structure of the cell. This is an example of intelligence working at the basic level of molecular biolgy.
Vertosick shows how this model works for the combined action of bacteria in overcoming the effects of antibiotics, to the development of effective antibodies by immune systems, to the coordinated actions of social insects, and up through the evolutionary scale to the function of brains and nervous systems in vertebrates.
Evolution itself is seen though the model to be a manifestation of intelligence in organisms that uses genetic variation as a problem solving tool. The genes themselves are not the source of evolutionary change, but the repository of genetic information used by the organism. Vertosick gives the example of cloning to illustrate the primacy of the cell machinery over the genes. If you introduce a nucleus from one somatic cell into another somatic cell, nothing terribly interesting will happen. But if you replace the nucleus of a fertilized ovum with the same somatic nucleus, a new organism will develop, following the genetic blueprint of the implanted somatic nucleus. The developmental initiative comes entirely from the cytoplasm of the ovum, which uses the information supplied by the DNA of the implanted nucleus to construct a new organism.
This is just the beginning of the story presented in The Genius Within. Although I'm familiar with the general outlines of Vertosick's thinking from my own work, I found a new and original idea on almost every page. The result is a synthesis that draws on many scientific fields to produce a unifed theory of life and intelligence. The theory itself takes the form of an extended neural network, robust to the necessary incompleteness of some relatively minor details.
There will surely be quibbles from many who can't see the whole picture, who have turf to protect, or who simply can't tear themselves away from obsolete orthodoxies. (Vertosick deals effectively with some of the criticisms in an Addendum.) But this is a truly revolutionary work. Five star books are fortunately fairly common. The Genius Within is as rare as a royal flush.
Read it and weep with pleasure.
Vertosick states that we, (humans), do not respect life rather we respect intellect. According to the author we suffer from brain chauvinism that results in our making value judgments based on nothing more than our own arrogance and not based on reason. He gives some extreme examples that can easily be extrapolated to human behavior on a larger scale. A person can make a living as an exterminator killing bees, a variety of insects, rodents, etc and be financially rewarded. Incinerate a cat or a dog, and a person will likely face a judge and possibly jail time. We harvest from the oceans countless varieties of creatures who live there and then can and consume them, yet there are groups that feel Dolphins should be protected, that cans of Tuna should be labeled "Dolphin Free". The question is why, there is no argument that can justify the intelligence of one creature over another, and intelligence is not measurable in any species including humans, so why do we judge between fish or swimming mammals? Bees have a complicated society and a very structured way of life, some even produce products that we value. But if a person chooses to eradicate a hive no protestors will arrive on your doorstep.
This same thinking would seem to help explain Genocide. The victims are generally dehumanized, they are treated worse than many animals, and this then makes the mass killing of a group defined as inferior easier for those doing the killing. This is only a single aspect of what is one of the most horrific human conducts, but the logic appears sound.
There are discussions on how the immune system works and how a disease like Cancer continues to outwit all of our attempts to destroy it. He explains why antibiotics can become ineffective in treating infections, just as pesticides become worthless as the intended victims adapt. The method of adaptations differs widely but they all are amazing. After reading parts of the book you will be hard pressed to state that thought is something that our brains have the monopoly on. There are scores of organisms within us that were adapting and evolving millions of years before we developed anything like a brain, or consciousness, whatever the latter word means.
Other areas that I enjoyed were the discussions on DNA; something that many would answer is the key to our existence. The fascinating fact is that much of what we are made of existed and continued to develop long before DNA was created. It is in these discussions that the science gets very detailed and harder to follow, but it is well worth reading and reading again, if only to get a general understanding.
At one point in the book the author said that if he looked at a schematic of a Pentium processor, he would do so with a mixture of amazement and ignorance. For those who have not studied advanced science, reading this book is much like he describes when looking at the Pentium chip.
I have just touched on the very wide array of issues the author discusses, and despite the scientific details that might make you dizzy, the concepts he shares are very worthy of the time you spend, and any confusion you encounter.
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stories linked together. Russell writes about what he calls "the Great Explosion," when ... interstellar travel allows people
to easily escape the Earth. After a few centuries, a Terran spaceship visits a few of this planets to see what's up. All they visit are a...little odd. The first one is a planet of criminals originally deported from Earth. After all the time that has passed, they're still criminals, stealing whatever they
can from the ship. The second planet is full of nudists, hysterical about germs, obsessed with health. The third planet is actually the most famous in the book. It was originally published as the short novel, "....and Then There Were None," and is about a worldful of people who have perfected a system that allows no one to conquer them. Russell writes in a weird,
screwball style that I have never encountered before. The whole
book is very funny, and very much worth reading.
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Previous volumes in the series are: Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821-1849; Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850-1859; Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860-1865; and Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865-1871.
It was during the final decade of his life, 1871-1881, that Dostoevsky wrote Diary of a Writer and his greatest novel, The Brothers Karamazov. Many pages of Frank's fifth volume deals with analzying these two works (140 pages for The Brothers Karamazov alone).
With impressive literary scholarship, Frank throws light on the historical, political, economic, social, cultural, and literary setting within which Dostoevsky created his works of art, novels of great psychological depth.
For example, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: "Dostoevsky, the only psychologist, by the way, from whom I had anything to learn; he is one of the happiest accidents of my life, even more so than my discovery of Stendhal."
Dostoevsky traced the roots of the evils in Russian society to a loss of religious faith. By "religious faith" he meant specifically the Christian faith of the Russian Orthodox Church. He thought the Roman Catholic Church was a distortion and perversion of true Christianity. (See the harangue Dostoevsky puts into the mouth of Prince Myshkin in Part Four, Chapter VII, of The Idiot.
Of particular interest is Frank's discussion of Dostoevsky's philosophical thinking (framed, of course, within a Christian worldview), such as his ruminations on Russian nationalism, rational egoism, and the freedom of the will, and his grave concerns over the adverse moral and political effects of atheism and nihilism.
Frank soft-pedals Dostoevsky's notorious anti-Semitism, seeking to exonerate his hero as being simply "a child of his time."
Although one finds many things to dislike about Dostoevsky, one cannot help being impressed by his literary genius. Recognizing the excellence of Dostoevsky's art, Frank devotes the lion's share of his volume not to the man himself but to the man's literary production.
While this is surely not the fault of Joseph Frank, one is depressed by the seemingly endless fare of Russian sectarian bickering and murky political maneuverings. One breathes a huge sigh of relief to escape this oppressive atmosphere.
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The introductions to the book by Frank and by Guttmann are very helpful in setting Maimonedes' work in its appropriate context. For the student of comparative religion this is a useful introduction to medieval Jewish philosophy as it originated in a Muslim milieu and which is still held in high esteem by some modern theologians.
The Guide clearly should be studied with others. I would like to discuss each chapter with other people as we read (and maybe re-read) them. My email address is my firstnamelastname at yahoo dot com.