veGAMan infErior
A science-themed comic is especially appropriate, as the art-text combination inherent to comics would seem perfect for conveying complex/cosmic ideas. This collection features some terrific artists - notably Bernie Mireault, David Lasky, Colleen Doran and Sean Bieri - but I was a bit disappointed in the writing. Ottaviani's stories so intent on being unorthodox and different that they instead become meandering and confusing. Oftentimes I was unsure of what exactly was at stake for each story and why we should care about what was being told. And I would expect to actually learn more about SCIENCE in such a book. Also, the organization of the book into seemingly random sections, and the clumsy, unimaginative publication design diminished the effect.
I give the book high marks for effort, nice artwork, and the especially interesting portraits of Richard Feynman, but overall I'd rate "Two-Fisted Science" a noble failure.
List price: $27.95 (that's 30% off!)
Smith's research into the Northfield, Minnesota, raid is broad, but the nature of the evidence prevents him from constructing a simple narrative with all details laid out in a straightforward, no questions manner. Quick, violent events such as the Northfield gun battle inevitably leave witnesses confused and contradictions are inescapable. Moreover, the outlaws' own accounts appear more concerned with providing excuses and whitewashing their activities than relating the truth. And, finally, the stories from both sides were very often exagerrated and distorted by the newspapers and books which reported them.
Time and time again, Smith relates several different versions of some particular incident, pointing out improbabilities and sometimes identifying the most likely truth, but very often only a best guess at what really happended can be made. Nonetheless, Smith's reconstruction of events held my attention and, in the end, I celebrate with him the victory of those Minnesota farmers and shopkeepers over the hoodlums who thought they would be easy picking.
Nevertheless, Barr does an excellent job of exposing the difficulties inherent in the concept of biblical inerrantism. The previous reviewer notes that many evangelical scholars also oppose the reflexive apologetic/harmonization stance espoused by the scholars Barr cites. That may be so, but if rank and file evangelicals/fundamentalists knew that these people were in their midst, they would run them out of town on the proverbial rail, or at the very least withdraw their support from the institutions that employ them.
He points out, fundamentalists are not really biblical literalists, as they keep adjusting their interpretations to somehow cohere with modern knowledge. They are really inerrantists, believing that the Bible contains no errors of any kind, if properly interpreted. "Inerrancy is maintained only by constantly altering the mode of interpretation, and in particular by abandoning the literal sense as soon as it would be an embarrassment to the view of inerrancy held." (p. 46) In other words, when literal interpretations conflict with established knowledge, they abandon them for nonliteral ones, often in ingenious, if highly implausible, ways.
A second note of fundamentalism is hostility to modern biblical scholarship and modern theology. For example, does it really matter to the validiy of our faith whether the book of Isaiah is divided into three main groups of material from different times? (Pre-exilic period, First Isaiah, chs. 1-39; exilic period, Second Isaiah, chs. 40-55; and post-exilic period, Third Isaiah, chs. 56-66.) Does it really matter our faith whether Deuteronomy was written several centuries after Moses? Does it really matter if Mark was the earliest gospel? Does it really matter whether the first creation story in Genesis was written after the Exile and uses contemporary imagery? Whether the story of the "man" and "woman" in Gen. 2-3 is an aetiological (everyman) story? The liberal positons actually take nothing away from faith in Jesus Christ. Why do so many fundamentalists think they do? Ad hominem arguments, really. They tend to read motives into modern scholarship, falsely accusing modern scholars en masse of trying to destroy the credibility of the Bible. According to Barr, they are actually stuck in the past with the 18th century deist controversies. Many deists did argue against revelation, but this is not a necessary presupposition of critical scholarship.
But of course, fundamentalists like to compare the ordinary nominal church going Christian. The must undergo a conversion to become true Christians, and it is expected that they will then hold conservative evangelical views. This has a danger of being a form a gnosticism, an elite group, whose primary faith is in the inerrancy of the Bible rather than in Christ Jesus. One peculiarity is that fundamentalists often prefer to read only trustworthy books by safe authors, and these do not seem to include critical scholars. Barr points out that they usually simply do not understand where modern scholars are coming from, nor do they really want to, and so make up all sorts of charges against them which have little basis in fact.
Strangely enough, the fundamentalist cannot agree on many things important to them. Pre- and post-millenarism and dispensationalism are cases in point.
Barr holds that fundamentalism is a particular type of religion, and acceptance of this religion controls how they interpret the Bible, rather than the other way around. The three elements of fundamemtalism he chose to deal with, inerrancy, the hositility toward critical scholarship and theology, and the distinction betwee the nominal and true Christian, are obviosly not given in the Bible. For example, the "Bible" could not declare itself to be inerrant because when the texts cited were composed, there was no 'Bible' in existence. It hadn't been put together yet by the church, and indeed, some had not been written yet! I haven't the space or inclination to go over the spurious 'claims' that fundamentalists 'claim' the Bible or Jesus made about the Bible, using passages that are clearly concerned with other issues.
This is not a sociology of religion book with survey results and statistics. Rather, Barr takes on the positions and arguments put forward by many fundamentalists. He documents them in the literature and shows there is a variety of opinions, something missed by another reviewer. He also argues that evangelical Christianity is not, and need not, be tied to fundamentalis, something also missed by the the same reviewer. Anyone who thinks that he is arguing against straw men just hasn't dealt with fundamentalists. I have, and I am grateful to Barr for helping to show me where those with whom I have controverted are coming from.
Jon J Muth does a great job of writing this, and the artists, Jamie Tolagston and Paul Lee, also have talent. Unfortunately, the idea behind the series was not so good, and eventually the series was cancelled, after issue 10.
Book, II, "Evil Beyond Reach", is also available now.