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I come from a semi-conservative background, and some things Marion wrote about didn't connect with me at all, but at the same time so many did. I think he's right on the target when he says we all have plenty of work to do to achieve inner growth, and that the overall goal is to love like Jesus did. It seemed to me that in this book, Marion put forth an honest and informed blueprint to what the path might look like. Overall it was characterized by sincere compassion and love for people, which I think is its strongest attribute. It was also rooted in the Bible, which was cool.
Definitely give it a read! Borrow it from a friend if you don't want to buy it. It changed the way I think about Christianity and provided many examples of saints, mature Christians, and even "spiritual masters" (as he put it) from other religions to look into. Good stuff!
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Wilber bases his methodology on the spectrum of consciousness model about which he has written so extensively in numerous other works. His methodology distinguishes between "legitimate" religions, which feed the worldview of the self on a given level of the spectrum, fleshing out the content of that level, and "authentic" religion, which validates transformation to a higher level on the spectrum and delivers practices for doing so. Wilber asserts that this method can be employed to hierarchically evaluate religions according to how successfully they deliver what they claim to deliver, from Maoism to Moonies, from Buddhism to fundamentalism. Wilber then shows how religions can be examined in light of their contributions to the current developmental phases of humans worldwide. All this is done with Wilber's laser beam clarity in just 134 pages. Even talking about religion is rare in intellectual circles today, but proposing a methodolgy for crtically evaluating them? You have to read this just for his straight away courage for treading in such politically incorrect waters.
In Wilber's system, he describes the various "realms" in the spectrum of consciousness, any one of which can be experienced temporarily by individuals as a "state,' or attained enduringly through evolutionary development by individuals or cultures as "structures." Each of the realms in the spectrum (grossly simplified as body, mind, spirit) can be investigated in accordance with its own nature, or with the appropriate "eye;" that is, the "eye of flesh," the "eye of mind," and the "eye of contemplation." Investigation of one realm with the eye of another produces, at best, a limited, or representational, understanding, and at worst, what Wilber calls "category error." Attempting to investigate the realm of spirit, for example, with the "eye of flesh," that is, the eye that perceives only sensory phenomena, will not yield real knowledge of the realm of spirit, which is not disclosed to sensory perception. This results in errors like "empirical" science, which purports to recognize only sensory phenomena, declaring the realm of spirit to be nonexistent or at least non-verifiable, because it can't be "seen." Well, it can't be seen unless you look with the right "eye." In "Eye to Eye," Wilber explains why it is critical that the proper "eye," and the corresponding modes of investigation, are used to investigate, and establish validity claims in, the various realms in the spectrum of consciousness.
He builds on this core material by investigating some of the promises and failures of the "New Age" movement and presents an outline of his concept of structure, stage and self, the mechanics of the evolutionary development of self. This volume also presents seminal material on what may be Wilber's most original and influential contribution to thought, the "pre/trans fallacy." Wilber says that many thinkers confuse pre-rational stages with trans-rational stages because both are non-rational. This results in either elevating the lower stages (babies are enlightened, hunter/gatherers were more "at one" with the universe, etc.) or diminishing the higher realms (enlightened sages are schizophrenic, confusion of higher with repressed lower ones, etc.)
These works are quite technical and demanding, and do not provide an overview of Wilber's system of thought. Therefore,I do not recommend them to the beginning Wilber reader. They are, however, indispensible to more serious students of his work. "Eye to Eye," I would argue is indispensible to any serious student of epitemology.
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And then a current of creativity began to act, to set a pattern, to stretch a rubber band of creation; suddenly, with perhaps a very big bang, Spirit threw itself out of pure unity and nothingness into a world of seeming multiplicity and somethingness. On the underside of time, in a process called "involution," it manifested itself in patterns of increasing density--from spirit to soul to mind to life to matter--and on the upside of time, in a process called "evolution," it has been progressing for billions of years to rediscover itself, fleshing out the involutionary patterns in unpredictable and creative ways, becoming more and more conscious of itself at each step, and heading toward that final level of absolute consciousness (or spiritual enlightenment) that is the only true goal of the game.
Volume 2 of Ken Wilber's _Collected Works_ traces this extraordinary journey of spiritual involving and evolving as it relates to humans in both ontogenetic and phylogenetic domains. Taking the ontogenetic perspective, the first book, _The Atman Project_, is an intellectually dizzying piece of work that explains the development of the human being from birth to adolescence to adulthood to death to between-life realms and beyond. Wilber defines the "Atman Project" as the "drive of God toward God," or the involutionary and evolutionary game that Spirit is playing. In tracing our own role in this cosmic sitcom, Wilber produces a map of human psychological development that is so comprehensive--covering all major schools of thought, both Eastern and Western--that no one interested in transpersonal psychology can afford to pass it by. From the fetus to the id to the ego to God, every step of personal evolution available as innate potentials to present-day human beings is outlined, explained, and backed with enough evidence (culled from orthodox clinical psychology for the lower and middle stages and orthodox contemplative spirituality for the higher ones) to convince anyone of the model's essential validity. The scope of the work--like most of Wilber's stuff--is simply astonishing. Mind you, however, it ain't light reading; a randomly selected paragraph says:
". . . Like the magical primary process, this paleological thinking frequently operates on the basis of a whole/part equivalency and predicate identity; but unlike the pure primary process, which is strictly composed of nonverbal images, precausal thinking is largely verbal and auditory. . . . Unlike the image of the primary process, it is a true type of thinking-proper, operating with protoconcepts, verbal abstraction, and elementary class formation."
The style of _Atman_ takes some getting used to, but once you've got it you're in for a remarkable ride into understanding the growth and ultimate goals of your own self.
The next book, _Up From Eden_, takes the phylogenetic (collective) view of human evolution, starting with the Big Bang and explaining how all subsequent development is simultaneously a transcendence and an inclusion of what went before it. As Wilber puts it, "early life forms (plants) went beyond but included lifeless matter and minerals in their makeup; and animals went beyond plant forms (simple life) but included life in their makeup. Just so, humans go beyond but include animal characteristics, and, by implication, humans include but transcend _all_ prior evolutionary stages." From the earliest hominids to modern _homo sapiens sapiens_, each evolutionary progression has been marked by one crucial factor: an increase in consciousness. Thus, extrapolating the obvious (and backing it with the claims of enlightened mystics), Wilber identifies the _goal_ of evolution as simply an _absolute_ transcendence of everything in the discovery of an absolute level of consciousness (which is Spirit itself). Those humans who have attained this degree of transcendence in their own ontogenetic development, such as Christ and Buddha, act as the "growing tip" of human phylogeny, stretching our potential into increasingly higher domains, and making the goal of this game just a little bit closer for the rest of us.
But _Up From Eden_ isn't just a historical documentary, tracing evolution up to the present, suggesting what might lie in the future, and leaving it at that. No, _Eden_, like _Atman_, is also an invitation for us to pursue our own further ontogenetic growth, and thereby contribute in potentially powerful ways to the growth of the species as a whole. Wilber has issued the map, described the party, and invited us to attend, but it is up to us to get in the car and drive there. And if we refuse--if we prefer instead to kick back and take it easy at our present level of consciousness development--"we contribute nothing; we pass on our mediocrity."
For those who have hesitated in buying this volume because you already have _Atman_ and _Eden_, perhaps the essay included with these two books will arouse your interest. "Odyssey," a 38-page account of Wilber's personal experience up to the early '80s, is a fascinating little gem that explains how Wilber became interested in mysticism, how he overcame the "pre/trans fallacy" that permeated his early work (see CW: Volume 1), how his meditation practice had progressed from subtle to causal levels, and how he developed a model for meditative development that explained culture-specific "surface structures" and their relation to universal "deep structures"--a model used in both _Eden_ and _Atman_.
In short, these books are two of the most important in the development of Wilber's later work, and it's hard to find anything to complain about. They're well worth the time and money for anyone who wonders even dimly what the heck we actually are, and has, at some point, stared into the starlit sky and pleaded into the silence: "Why, oh _why_, is there something rather than nothing?"
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Wilber's writing style is clear and simple, although it is true that he does repeat ideas. The latter appears more to be a way of making sure that his audience follows his ideas which, although clear, could sometimes appear to be based on complex notions to the uninitiated or "lay" reader.
In essence, he lays out a framework, one of the first clear attempts I have seen to do this, that positions most if not all religious, spritual, and philosophical attempts at explaining conciousness. What does this mean? He asks the familiar question of what is the meaning of life: of "I". He then goes to show that in the contradictions that emerge in the different answers is actually a set of differences that can be explained by the level of conciousness at which the question is being addressed.
He is extremely well read and uses examples from almost all of the religions, from pschology and psychoanalysis, as well as from philosophy, to develop his ideas. One unfortunately wishes that this was not a book of a hundred or so pages but rather a book of several thousand as one senses that he could go on with his discussions to far deeper levels. In fact, he suggests at the end of the many chapters further reading (worth the price of the book in itself).
For someone interested in spiritualty, buddhism, mysticism, and pschology this book is a must. First because he is a great philosopher, second because he writes very well, and third because he gives one a holistic view that many other writers do not.
Having read his book I feel far more comfortable wading through the rest of my reading as things seem to have a far greater clarity of perspective.
This book is like a sign along the road, pointing the way toward enlightenment. In his examination of "our most cherished boundary" (p. 43), self/not-self, Wilber integrates psychology, philosophy, post-modern thought, and religious doctrine of East and West. He shows how "we progressively limit our world and turn from our true nature in order to embrace boundaries" (p. 3). We believe that our skin (p. 5), mind (p. 6), or ego (p. 7) separates us from our not-self when, in fact, we "possess a remarkable spectrum of consciousness, a vast rainbow of extraordinary potentials and possibilities, and those potentials do indeed run from matter to body to soul to spirit" (p. xii). Wilber recognizes that the ordinary person "will probably listen in disbelief if it is pointed out that she has nestled in the deepest recesses of her being, a transpersonal self, a self that transcends her individuality and connects her to a world beyond conventional space and time" (p. 110).
Saint Augustine wrote that the business of life "is to restore to health the eye of the heart whereby God may be seen." NO BOUNDARY may be read as a book about personal growth, restoring to health the eye of the heart, and "expanding one's horizons, a growth of one's boundaries, outwardly in perspective and inwardly in depth" (p. 13). Among other approaches, Wilber turns to the Buddhist doctrines of dharmadhatu, which teaches us "between every thing and event in the universe there is no boundary" (p. 38), and suffering. "A person who is beginning to sense the suffering of life," he writes, is "beginning to awaken to deeper realities, truer realities, for suffering smashes to pieces the complacency of our normal fictions about reality and forces us to become alive in a special sense--to see carefully, to feel deeply, to touch ourselves and our worlds in ways we have heretofore avoided. It may be said, and truly I think, that suffering is the first grace" (p. 76).
If we learn to "see through the illusions of our boundaries," he writes, "we will see, here and now, the universe as Adam saw it before the Fall: as organic unity, a harmony of opposites, a melody of positive and negative, delight with the play of our vibrative existence. When the opposites are realized to be one, discord melts into concord, battles become dances, and old enemies become lovers. We are then in a position to make friends with all of the universe, and not just half of it" (p. 29). So where are the edges of the universe? After reading this book, I now realize that they exist only within the boundaries of my unliberated mind.
Wilber has been called "one of the greatest thinkers of our time," and for those new to Wilber, NO BOUNDARY is a good introduction to his integral vision.
G. Merritt
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"GRACE AND GRIT is her story; and our story," Wilber writes (p. x). It is a real love story that unfolds against a Buddhist backdrop that tells us: "Life is a bubble, a dream, a reflection, a mirage" (p. 363). At age 36, Treya met the man of her dreams, in 1983. They married four months later. Ten days after the wedding, Treya discovered she had breast cancer, and then underwent surgery and radiation. Eight months later, she suffered a recurrence, followed by more surgery and eight months of soul-poisoning chemotherapy (p. 279) and baldness. Eight months later, Treya was diagnosed with diabetes, followed by years of recurrent tumors throughout her lungs and brain (pp. 240; 268).
Her cancer teaches Treya many things, including real suffering: "There is suffering in this world, no way around that one" (p. 280). However, through tonglen meditation, Treya finds compassion for it (p. 315). She learns "to be human. To be truly human. That is most important" (p. 170). Treya learns to "live in the present, not in the future, giving her allegiance to what is, not what might be" (p. 312). She discovers "passionate equanimity--to be fully passionate about all aspects of life, about one's relationship with spirit, to care to the depths of one's being but with no trace of clinging or holding" (pp. 335-6).
Of the five Wilber books I've read, this one comes closest to a memoir, offering its reader a revealing look at Ken Wilber, the man and "support person." "I'm a ... " he says (p. 361), as he silently performs his "daily chores" for Treya, including cleaning, laundry, cooking, dishes, groceries, and vegetable juicing (pp. 336, 362). He writes, "learning to make friends with cancer; learning to make friends with the possibility of an early and perhaps painful death, has taught me a great deal about making friends with myself, as I am, and a great deal about making friends with life, as it is" (p. 356). He also learns to "practice the wound of love:" "Real love hurts; real love makes you totally vulnerable and open; real love will take you far beyond yourself; and therefore real love will devastate you. I kept thinking, if love does not shatter you, you do not know love" (p. 396).
"Treya's story is everyperson's story," Wilber writes in his Introduction to the the Second Edition of his book. As such, it has much to offer any reader interested in personal growth, spirituality, relationships, illness, or caretaking, and it deserves a large audience. It also offers an easy introduction to Ken Wilber's vision. This is both a five-star book, and a five-pointed cosmic star book, "luminous and radiant."
G. Merritt
It was not just the poignant love story, but the amazing way that Treya lived through that part of her life, and the honest way the Wilber approached it in the book.
It is a work that I will always carry with me, its message too important to ignore. And I will urge every single person I know to read it, if just to be exposed to the impact of it all.
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Jesus taught that "the Kingdom of God is within" (p. 3). In his partly autobiographical book, Marion seeks to describe the Christian spiritual path to that Kingdom (p. xiii). For him, the Kingdom of Heaven is not just near "at hand," it is "here and now" (p. 2). Marion defines the Kingdom of Heaven as "a particular level of human consciousness, not a place to which Christians are destined after death" (p. 1). This is a four star book with many five-star passages. In one such passage, Marion follows the development of human consciousness from the archaic consciousness of infants (pp. 33-36), to the magical consciousness of children (pp. 37-39), to the mythical consciousness of pre-adolescence (pp. 41-47), to rational consciousness (pp. 49-61), to vision-logic consciousness (pp. 63-68), through the "dark night of the senses" (pp. 87-104), to subtle consciousness (pp. 105-114), and ultimately to fully-integrated Christ consciousness, to illustrate his argument that there are "different levels of human consciousness, different levels of spiritual understanding, and the nondual vision of the Kingdom of Heaven is the highest level" (p. 21). Spiritual growth can proceed at "a snail's pace" for many Christians, and Marion asserts that all "prayer, Bible study, preaching, fasting, music, Holy Communion or Mass, healing services, chanting, rituals, almsgiving, monasteries, convents, pilgrimages, meditation, icons, and sacraments have only one purpose--to accelerate people's growth in consciousness upwards and eventually into the nondual vision of Jesus' Kingdom" (p. 23).
Marion's book will appeal to anyone, Christian or not, interested in spiritual growth. Many Christian readers will find this book deeply inspiring, others will no doubt consider it radical Christianity, and still others may reject it as sophistry. However, few readers will disagree with Marion's observation that "we need to realize our divinity, own it, take up the responsibility of it, and live it" (p. 226). If you like this book, try any of Ken Wilber's books.
G. Merritt
In this book Jim Marion outlines what, for most Christians, is probably a radical and very divergent interpretation of Jesus' words. If you're not already acquainted with Christian mysticism or the more esoteric interpreations of Jesus' words and life then prepare to have your brain (and spirit) stretched!
Marion portrays the Christian conversion process not as a discreet point in time where one accepts Christ and is then "saved", but rather as the soul's spiritual journey back to God. He explains this by using his own life as an example and he places the whole journey into the framework of a psychological contruct of Ken Wilber's having to do with the various levels of consciousness that we humans (individually and corporately) progress through in our spiritual journey. Marion also draws extensively on the experiences of St. John of the Cross and St. Teresa of Avila (Christian / Catholic mystics) to add historical (from a religious viewpoint) credence to what he is saying.
The book is fairly cerebral and is not an easy read, and is certain to ruffle feathers. But if you stick with him and mull over the ideas in this book it will profoundly change the lens through which you view your spiritual journey. You may not agree with everything Marion writes, but this type of "blow-the-lid-off" religious thought is desperately needed in a world where organized religion's primary effect seems to be to simply maintain the spiritual status quo. If you've become bored with "church" and have a nagging feeling that standard Christian dogma doesn't quite add up then this book will be an excellent springboard to higher religious thought.
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Calling for an "integral" approach to these questions, The Eye of Spirit blends together a series of poignant essays on such varied subjects as art and literary theory, feminism, modern systems theory, and mysticism, demonstrating not only where their strengths and weaknesses lie, but also situating the various disciplines in relation to each other --how they complement or (attempt to) assassinate one another. (Fans of Wilber's other works be warned: some of these essays rely heavily upon previously published works, so you may want to wait for the paperback version)
As usual, Wilber neatly handles a vast range of material --including some virulent criticism (see the recent issues of ReVision magazine for a taste)-- with characteristic aplomb and good sense. If nothing else, The Eye of Spirit is an excellent introduction to the world of transpersonal psychology and to the world at large. Well worth the price.
In "The Eye of Spirit," Wilber covers all that and adds a beautiful chapter called "Always Already," in which he lucidly and almost poetically affirms what the great non-dual traditions have always taught: that "spirit" and the totality of "God Realization" is already 100% present in your consciousness right now. Meditation and spiritual practices, then, are just ways to help people realize this "always already" fact - which is good news for the many people whose spirituality is spontaneous and without much if any "discipline."
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This was the first Wilber book I read. I had known about him for years, but my reading list is long and I just didn't pick his work up, until a respected friend gave me a copy of One Taste, and I could no longer put it off. I am now reading my eighth of his books. With that perspective, I offer these thoughts.
First, the part that may trouble some. KW does come off as pretty darn egotistical in this book. He seems to realize it and mentions in the introduction that these diary entries were (supposedly) not written with intent to publish, and therefore what may seem like boasting and namedropping were in fact just factual entries meant for himself. These now candidly published entries might to the outside reader seem a bit...immodest. This would be a trivial matter but for the nature of KW's work, which after all is ultimately about transcending the ego.
I found KW's disclaimers about that less than entirely convincing, but the fact that he may still personally be a spiritual work in progress in my mind does not diminish the brilliance of his work. I was electrified when I read this. I have been a serious student of philosophy and spiritual practice for 30 years, and I find KW's work among the most brilliant and, to me, practically helpful work I have seen. Some say he does no original thinking, but only synthesizes the work of others. Yes, he only synthesizes the work of an unprecedentedly enormous body of thought, writing and accounts of mystical experience in a staggering array of fields over millenia, in ways no one else has before. I think this would qualify as original thought. Some say he doesn't write well. I find that he explains the ideas of many great thinkers more understandably than they do themselves. He relates their work to that of other great thinkers in ways that I,and I suspect most, never saw before. His writing can be moving and inspirational as well.
I'm not sure I would recommend One Taste as the first Wilber book to read, although it worked fine for me. It is one of his most accessible books. One reviewer thought his references were too obscure, but, this being a journal, KW has taken less care than usual to explain all his references, because this was ostensibly originally written for himself. Readers already familiar with his other work will be less baffled. One Taste has the advantage of being one of his most recent books. Because KW is constantly refining his thought, this gives the reader a look at his most current thinking. I give it four stars instead of five, because I wasn't interested in many of the boring personal details ("I went shopping today"), but the meaty parts are first rate. I find his work so personally helpful in my own practice precisely because it is a synthesis of so much other work. He links it together in ways I could never have myself (which, to my knowledge, no one else has done either) and has helped me to take a more integral approach to what had before been disparate and disconnected elements of my practice and study.