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Using the letters, poetry, and published essays of the new gentility, Shields begins his study in the male dominated taverns and coffeehouses of early 17th century England, where merchants, professionals, and landowners congregated to discuss business and engage in pleasurable diversions. By mid-century, these social gatherings had expanded to include upper class women as their locales shifted to include more fashionable spas. The pretentiousness, licentiousness, and irreligious nature of spa culture came under attack by conservative observers in the 1690s, but even critics of the bourgeoisie employed the same literary techniques to express their disapproval. Similar literary cultural sparring was carried on between Quakers and socialites in Pennsylvania, "sensible" women and misogynistic critics of feminine culture, college students, and political rivals in the colonies. Indeed, perfection of literary graces became the ticket to social inclusion throughout the metropolitan cities of the New World, and even as society divided into clubs and associations of specialized interests, the upper classes were all marked by the same concepts of civility.
As a professor of English, Shields' work is heavily marked by literary interpretation unusual to more standardized histories, which may prove frustrating to some historians. Nonetheless, he has clearly shown that the culture of politeness was critical as an American institution, especially in the early years of the Republic when Americans were still debating which other standards would become hallmarks of nationality. Especially enlightening is his treatment of female essayists and social arbiters. In most studies of upper class American culture, women as independent and original thinkers have been treated as practically nonexistent, and it has often been asserted that we cannot divine their motivations and aspirations because they seldom left written commentaries. Shields has proven that assumption to be patently incorrect, and social historians of other fields would do well to incorporate the evidence he has provided into more general studies of early American life.
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