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Root's relative anonymity began with that exposition, for he had died two years earlier of pneumonia. He had been set to rise to certain international stardom as consulting architect for the exposition. He had planned to feature American forms, not European ones. He submitted the site plan and died unexpectedly the same month.
His site plan was mostly realized, but not so his thematic proposal, which was overwhelmed by Parisian Beaux Arts designs. This lost opportunity was also America's loss. Burnham was largely to blame: he was chief of construction, and he inexplicably countered Root's American theme. The resulting exposition design under Burnham's leadership merely repeated a previous European showcase.
Because of the European theme of the Chicago Exposition, the Chicago School was set back a decade. Even worse, architects all over America emulated the exposition. To this day, the American landscape suffers the influence of the Chicago Exposition. One is left to marvel at how different America would look today had Root lived even long enough to guide the exposition to American forms.
About 97% of Root's buildings were razed in the first sixty years of the Twentieth Century, primarily because the business district of Chicago can't grow outwards because of geography. Therefore, it must grow upwards, and that means taller buildings are forever replacing tall buildings, Root's included.
Root's legacy is indeed full of ironies.
Root's Roots Hoffman's important work on this book is singularly responsible for reviving Root's place in architectural history. In the quarter century that has passed since Hoffman's book was published, Root is now accepted by historians, though not the general public.
If there is a weakness in Hoffman's book, it is the spare attention given to Root's life outside Chicago. Here are three details which would have rounded out this otherwise splendid book:
(1) Root was born in my hometown of Lumpkin, Georgia in 1850. I remember the commanding wooden two-story home in which he was born. It was torn down about 1963. Adding to the Root irony, his birthplace today is occupied by a simple brick house. Most natives of his hometown know nothing more than the text of a historical marker about Root, which seems to point out this modern house.
(2) John Wellborn Root's father, Sidney, invented international business in Atlanta. Sidney engineered Atlanta's economic boom which began during the Civil War and has yet to stop.
(3) Root named his masterpiece, the Monadnock, to honor his father, whose family admired Daniel Webster. Webster lived near Mt. Monadnock in New Hampshire.
Root's Future A recent weekend in Chicago took me to three of Root's remaining buildings. One of them, the Monadnock, bowled me over. It is hard to believe that it could have been built in the Nineteenth Century, for it seems fresh even today.
My visit also led me to Donald Hoffman's book, which has now inspired us locals to recognize John Wellborn Root's 150th birthday in January, 2000. Hoffman has thus dispersed one more of Root's ironies---Root's hometown will never forget him again.
Root was an accomplished orator and reader, and if he had not died in 1891 at age 41, he, rather than Louis Sullivan, may have become the spokesman of the Chicago style. The artuiculate Root wrote many articles in trade magazines and spoke at architectual forums, speaking of his architectual theories. Certainly Root was a witty, pleasant gentleman greatly admired by his peers.
Nevertheless, Hoffman's book is not uncritical; the book looks at the failures and the minor commisisons of churches, train stations, and the like. A complete history of Root's work is presented with special emphasis is placed on the most important works listed above. Hoffman's book is well footnoted and his conclusions are supported by the evidence. After the first chapter, Hoffman mostly eschews biography, focusing on Root's career.
The book is interesting and rich in details. Hoffman explores the dynamics of Burnham & Root's successful partnership whereby Root, the designer, handled the drawing, and Burnham, the planner, laid out interior floor plans and handled the "jaw work" in talking to clients.
The relationship with Burnham is interesting for it is Burnham who is best remembered today for his later work in the city planning movement. Although Root's buildings have mostly been demolished as their cities, Chicago, Kansas City, San Francisco and others, have grown upward, several survive and this book keeps the memories of the others alive.
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This book was the textbook used at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for the graduate course in Bayesian Decision and Control I during the fall of 2001 and 2002. It strikes a good balance between theory and practical example, making it ideal for a first course in Bayesian theory at an intermediate-advanced graduate level. Its emphasis is on Bayesian modeling and to some degree computation.
Prerequisites
While no Bayesian theory is assumed, it is assumed that the reader has a background in mathematical statistics, probability and continuous multi-variate distributions at a beginning or intermediate graduate level. The mathematics used in the book is basic probability and statistics, elementary calculus and linear algebra.
Intended audience
This book is primarily for graduate students, statisticians and applied researchers who wish to learn Bayesian methods as opposed to the more classical frequentist methods.
Material covered
It covers the fundamentals starting from first principles, single-parameter models, multi-parameter models, large sample inference, hierarchical models, model checking and sensitivity analysis, study design, regression models, generalized linear models, mixture models and models for missing data. In addition it covers posterior simulation and integration using rejection sampling and importance sampling. There is one chapter on Markov chain simulation (MCMC) covering the generalized Metropolis algorithm and the Gibbs sampler.
Over 38 models are covered, 33 detailed examples from a wide range of fields (especially biostatistics). Each of the 18 chapter has a bibliographic note at the end. There are two appendixes: A) a very helpful list of standard probability distributions and B) outline of proofs of asymptotic theorems.
Sixteen of the 18 chapters end with a set of exercises that range from easy to quite difficult. Most of the students in my fall 2001 class used the statistical language R to do the exercises.
The book's emphasis is on applied Bayesian analysis. There are no heavy advanced proofs in the book. While the proofs of the basic algorithms are covered there are no algorithms written in pseudo code...Additional books of related interest
1) Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, James Berger, second edition. Emphasis on decision theory and more difficult to follow than Gelman's book. Covers empirical and hierarchical Bayes analysis. More philosophical challenging than Gelman's book.
2) Monte Carlo Statistical Methods, Robert and Casella. Very mathematically oriented book. Does a good job of covering MCMC.
3) Monte Carlo Methods in Bayesian Computation, Ming-Hui Chen, Qi-Man Shao, Joseph George Ibrahim. An enormous number of algorithms related to MCMC not covered elsewhere. If you need MCMC and need an algorithm to implement MCMC this is the book to read.
4) Monte Carlo Strategies in Scientific Computing, Jun S. Liu. Covers a wide range of scientific disciplines and how Monte Carlo methods can be used to solve real world problems. Includes hot topics such as bioinformatics. Very concise. Well written, but requires effort to understand as so many different topics are covered. This book is my most often borrowed book on Monte Carlo methods. Jun S. Liu is a big gun at Harvard.
5) Probabilistic Networks and Expert Systems. Cowell, Dawid, Lauritzen, Spiegelhalter. Covers the theory and methodology of building Bayesian networks (probabilistic networks).
Another text in the CRC series Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice by Gilks, Richardson and Spiegelhalter provides more detail on these methods along with many applications including some Bayesian ones.
This book's biggest strength is its introduction of most of the important ideas in Bayesian statistics through well-chosen examples. These are examples are not contrived: many of them came up in research by the authors over the past several years. Most examples follow a logical progression that was probably used in the original research: a simple model is fit to data; then areas of model mis-fit are sought, and a revised model is used to address them. This brings up another strength of the book: the discussion and treatment of measures of model fit (and sensitivity of inferences) is lucid and enlightening.
Some readers may wish the computational methods were spelled out more fully: this book will help you choose an appropriate statistical model, and the ways to look for serious violations of it, but it will take a bit of work to convert the ideas into computational algorithms. This is not to say that the computational methods aren't discussed, merely that many of the details are left to the reader. The reader expecting pseudo-code programs will be disappointed.
All in all, I recommend this book for anyone who applies statistical models to data, whether those models are Bayesian or not. I especially recommend it for researchers who are curious about Bayesian methods but do not see the point of them---Chapter 5, and particularly section 5.5 (an example chosen from educational testing), beautifully addresses this issue.
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It also includes important later works of Borges, Nightmares and Blindness (transcriptions of two lectures from 1977).
His own worst nightmare involves discovering the King of Norway, with his sword and his dog, sitting at the foot of Borges' bed. "Retold, my dream is nothing; dreamt, it was terrible." Such is the power of describing, of reading this father of modern literature.
In Blindness, he examines his own loss of sight in the context of examining poetry itself. In a story right out of, well, Borges, he discusses his appointment as Director of a library at the very time he has lost his reading sight. (Two other Directors are also blind.)
"No one should read self-pity or reproach
into this statement of the majesty
of God; who with such splendid irony
granted me books and blindness at one touch."
This lecture is a moving (and brief, just 15 pages) ode to poetry . If one wants ironic context, just consider that these lectures on Nightmares and Blindness were delivered in Buenos Aires at the height of the State of Siege of the Argentine Generals.
...
Boa has written several prayer books, all great, all solid. This is my favorite to date.
This book will scripturally guide you through praying...not only the scriptures, but will guide you in praying for your world around you. It begins with praise and worship of Almighty God, leads you in a confession of Who He is, then guides you through personal renewal, petitions, intercession, and then a prayer of thanksgiving.
One of the things I liked best about this book was that it started out with each section, declaring the Word of God, then it guides you (differently each day) to pray for your leaders one day, your family the next, that you will be a faithful steward of your time and money, for God's wisdom...the list goes on and on.
Both this book and "Praying the Scriptures for Spiritual Growth" are two of the best prayer/devotional books I have ever used. If I could only keep two, these would be the two I would keep. Not only are they easy to follow, they are taken directly from the Word of God.
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One of Masefield's last poems (excerpt): Musicians, painters, poets of when/Who made the world more lovely then/The story-tellers beyond price,/Bringing the news from Paradise/Those from whose handiwork we see/Horizons in eternity.
Now that my roving days are over,/And all my frontiers stop at Dover/I think of what Life used to mean/When all these artists trod the scene/And Life was in myself with them/In Troy, in Greece, and Bethlehem.
I must go down to the seas again, to the
lonely sea and the sky,
And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer
her by;
And the wheel's kick and the wind's song and
the white sail's shaking,
And a grey mist on the sea's face, and a grey
dawn breaking.
I must go down to the seas again, for the call
of the running tide
Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be
denied;
And all I ask is a windy day with the white
clouds flying,
and the flung spray and the blown spume, and the
sea-gulls crying.
I must go down to the seas again, to the
vagrant gypsy life,
To the gull's way and the whale's way, where
the wind's like a whetted knife;
And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing
fellow-rover,
And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the
long trick's over.
If that doesn't convince you, nothing will. Perhaps my favorite poem of all time. I truly must go down to the seas again myself. I was introduced to John Masefield's poetry in college speech class and memorized this poem to perfection at one point. It still tosses in my mind like a ship at sea. I can feel the wind in my hair when I read this poem. Can't you smell the salty air? If not then you have been away from the sea for far too long. Listen closely and you will hear the cry of a sea gull in the distance and perhaps the sound of sails in the wind. The imagery is vivid for me, it combines all my favorite sea memories into one poem. The only thing missing are your footprints on the beach. I know you will enjoy this book.
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Donald Bogle writes a short essay on the history of black movies but strangely makes no comment about the posters or who produced them. John Kisch, who collects black cast movie posters suggests in his Author's Note that frequently the poster artwork was more interesting than the movie itself. Get this book if you are into the graphic history of American movies, it covers one small historical part and does it very well.
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The two authors have produced a great work which should be a very useful addition to many a library to be used both in everyday practice as well as a reference guide too.
The sections included of normal variants and potential pitfalls is also very important in distinguishing this reference text from others in the marketplace.
I would recommend this text for those particularly involved in the interpretation of both the spine and extremity examinations as these are often kept separate at many academic institutions.
Conrgatualtions to the authors for their work.
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In a quote from Proust Debbie captures how we must shift our vision when confronted with the pain, fear, anger and uncertainty that divorce bestows upon us - "The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes."
Through Ford's new eyes and personal divorce experience, we learn from and make peace with what we are leaving behind and focus on what new vistas and opportunities are opening up for us. She offers 7 spiritual laws for healing and takes us through these stages with examples that we can all relate to. We begin with acceptance and move along through various stages, including forgiveness and accepting responsiblity. We transform this experience into a new future, filled with the power, energy and knowledge we have gathered from this life lesson.
Debbie guides us through this journey with support, warmth and enthusiasm and the reader is left with the vision of unlimited opportunities by seeing tomorrow through "new eyes". I have read many books on divorce, but none as powerful,hopeful and motivating as "Spiritual Divorce". Thank you Ms. Ford for lighting the way for me.
The book takes you on a journey through the seven laws for having a spiritual divorce -- acceptance, surrender, divine guidance, responsibility, choice, forgiveness and creation. Each step along the way to healing is punctuated with down-to-earth exercises, examples, and the author's own compelling story.
I was totally inspired by this book, and by Debbie Ford's work. I've already recommended it to several of my friends. This book will heal the hearts of everyone who reads it, and could ultimately transform the experience of divorce as we know it.
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