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In fact, this is a shockingly mediocre work. A look at the endnotes reveals a heavy reliance on Toronto's five daily papers, all of which supported the war. In chapter three 54 of the 88 notes depend SOLELY on these papers. In Chapter four it is 36 out of 51; in chapter five 37 out of 62, and in chapter six 56 out of 72. Much of the book consists of endless accounts of funerals, rallies, calls for recruiting, war campaigns as reported in the press. Class, gender, religion, are only mentioned to reinforce that everyone supported the war. Politics never appears until the conscription issue arises in l916. Moreover, Miller indulges in several sleights of hand. Because no Laurier anti-conscription candidate ran in four ridings, Miller assumes that everyone in that riding supported conscription, an obviously fallacious assumption. At one point (158) he states that 92.6 of Torontonians supported conscriptionist candidates, at another (196) he states that more than 90% supported the smaller subset of Unionist canditates. (In fact it was more like 70%). Often Toronto is personified, so that it is the "majority" of Torontonians who oppose Woodrow Wilson's peace offers, or the "majority" who support breaking up anti-war meetings, when all we hear are the presses and the police chiefs.
In order to show that Torontonians were fully aware of the costs of war he notes that there were articles that occasionally printed grim details. But as any student of wartime propaganda will tell you, the same newspapers also showed fatuous optimism, cheap moralism, rancid chauvinism, insipid sentimentality, atrocity propaganda and outright lies. It would be difficult to take out the facts from the slosh, and most readers weren't I.F. Stone. And in fact Miller provides no systematic analysis of the media coverage. There is no discussion of censorship, no discussion of propaganda, only the most cursory discussion of the biases of the papers, and nothing about their owners' ideologies or political agendas. Moralism, chauvnism, sentimentality--apparently they don't exist in Miller's account.
In fact, Miller's shallowness is rather amazing. Jeffrey Verhey has shown that, contary to myth, Germans did not rush off enthusiastically to war in 1914. Similar studies have been made of Russia and France. Scholars of the Blitz, a much more just and much more heroic war, are not as endlessly upbeat as Miller. It does not occur to Miller that Toronto's apparent unanimity needs some sort of explanation. But then perhaps it did occur to him, and he omitted it so it would not complicate his uplifting tale. There is no mention of the fact that recruitment was highest from those born in Britain. There is no mention of the fact that Toronto was known as "Little Belfast," not because of any reference to Irish wit and charm, but because of an atmosphere of smug rancid chauvinism. (The Orange Order is only mentioned once, in passing). There is no discussion of its political culture (many ridings were Tory even after the Depression), and no real discussion of what imperialism and monarchism meant. So if Torontonians were fighting for their country, what country was that? And where did Catholics and Francophones exist in that country? (There are only passing mentions of anti-French demagougery in 1917.)
Canadians are often critical of American conservatism, but only in Canada do military historians feel that it is their duty to be propagandists for the army. Miller, according to the flyleaf, is a policy officer at the Department of Defense and this book does look like is was written by a bureaucrat. "Sacrifice is no longer equated with the giving of oneself for a nobler, higher purpose." he writes sententiously. Dead wrong, but then many sane people would not consider Ypres and Somme a nobler, higher purpose. I suspect that the attempt to encourage national pride is one reason for this perspective. It cannot succeed. Only 57% of Canadians voted for the Union government in 1917, and the number who supported it would have been even lower had it not been for electoral skullduggery. The Canadian army in 1917 and 1942 was not a national institution. And even in the Second World War, we have to wonder about an anti-fascism whose heroes are George VI and Pius XII. Had Britian decided to stay out in September 1939, Canada would not have dreamed of entering the war. So it says much that Neville Chamberlain was the conscience of our country. But then a power of facing unpleasant facts has never been very much honored in Canada's army, or its historians.
While it is not "technically" a book, I recommend it strongly as a gift for that friend that reads and thinks a lot but you don't know what book to pick for him or her. It's relatively obscure right now, and makes a truly unique gift. Don't buy it for yourself, but be sure to check it out before you wrap it. Remember to wash your hands first.
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