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Compstat was a 1996 winner of the Innovation in Government and has been listed as one of the major contributing factors to the "turn around" of police productivity in the New York Police Department in the mid-1990s.
Compstat has been the subject of several rumors, half truths and outright distortions. In a book whose audience is primarily college level students of policing and police management, Henry methodically explains the organizational context in which Compstat developed, actual implementation tactics and strategies used and assesses the future utility of the Compstat process in a variety of private and public settings.
Henry clearly establishes that Compstat is more than a "dog and pony show" or a staff meeting supplemented with computer graphics and statistical analysis. Rather it is one of several tools necessary to produce effective results in modern policing, " Compstat must be seen as one facet of a comprehensive and carefully orchestrated array of management strategies and practices".
This book is handicapped to an extent by the several audiences it serves simultaneously. First, nine of the ten chapters close with "Questions for Debate and Discussion", which serves the academic audience well but is bothersome to the general readers. Second, the use of sidebars tends to dilute the impact of the author's primary discussion at several points. However, the tenth chapter "The Compstat Paradigm: Summary of Basic Principles and Precepts" is one of the best short summaries of Compstat to be found anywhere in print. Those seven pages make the cost of the book worth very cent.
It was not simply hiring thousands of cops and putting them on the street, it was a matter of changing the way those cops worked. This involved not only technological change, such as the use of computer pin mapping, but also managerial and cultural change within the NYPD. The result was a more analytical and focused NYPD, a more responsive and flexible department, better able to serve the people of New York. Compstat was driving force behind those changes.
Vincent Henry is a friend and coworker of mine for ten years, since I was a student in his class at CW Post College. While he has academic credentials, he also has the experience and perspective of a street cop. He was well placed to observe significant developments in the NYPD and its strategies over the years. He has an in-depth knowledge of the history of the agency and the personalities involved in the development of Compstat. This background provides insight into the subtleties and nuances of Compstat (and the NYPD as a whole) that an outsider may miss. The Compstat Paradigm is not only a description of the development of Compstat, but also a history of the NYPD over the last two decades. This historical context increases understanding of the political and personal forces that influenced the development of Compstat.
I have attended dozens of Compstat sessions as both an observer and a participant. I have read other books on Compstat, including NYPD Battles Crime by Eli Silverman and Managing Police Operations: Implementing the NYPD Crime Control Model Using Compstat by Phyllis Parshall McDonald. The Compstat Paradigm is the most comprehensive and thorough description of Compstat available, and provides the best overview of what the Compstat process is, how it developed, and how it works in the New York City Police Department.
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A Day's Work: A Sampler of Historic Maine Photographs, 1860-1920, Part I, annotated and compiled by W. H. Bunting. Sponsored by Maine Preservation, Tilbury House Publishers, 132 Water St., Gardiner, ME 04345, 1997. 380 pp., oversize, paperback, $35.00
This is a wonderful book, so don't let the title drive you away. You must read halfway through that forbidding title to find out that it's about Maine, farther yet to learn that it's photographic, and "Part I" leaves you dangling. I would have called it Maine at Work, 1860-1920: Photographs and Text; the rest is superfluous--and I have added the word "text" because the text is just as delightful as the photos. I am writing this review because it's a book that people who love Maine shouldn't miss.
I have been summering in Maine for about forty years. The mountains and the skies and the rockbound coast make one constantly aware that Maine is different--the most northern and most eastern state in the USA, with a thousand of miles of shoreline and huge expanses of forest wilderness. Its wild geography has shaped its people and determined how they live. Vestiges of the past are everywhere, from the old docks and windjammers and lighthouses to the barns and sawmills and huge piles of firewood. If one wants an understanding and a feeling for those old times, this book is for you.
William Bunting's fascination with these historical photographs is communicated through the text. He has spent decades immersing himself in local history, and he not only explains each photo but goes behind it, delving into the history and significance of what is shown. If you want to know how to make hard cider, see p. 150 opposite the superb photo of the farmyard with a pile of apples by the old barn. The complex process of logging in the wilderness and getting the logs downriver to the mills and eventually by ship to market is followed through many photos with descriptive text (see pp. 34-44, 86-88, and more). Many buildings in Boston and points south were built of Maine granite; here you can see the granite cutters and the ships and men that carried that heavy cargo to market. Would you like to know and see how in the old days lobster fishing, seining, dip-netting, and canning were done? Or railroading, hunting, or harvesting ice? They're all here, and much more.
Start reading at the Introduction, a fine evocation of Maine today in relation to the past, and a convincing demonstration of the value of photos as historical documents. You will also discover that the author raises cattle and is a bulldozer operator, which doesn't quite explain his mastery of local history (this is his third book) but puts him closer to the down-to-earth people in the pictures. The introduction takes you directly into the text; there are no breaks or chapter headings. Bunting explains that the book is like "taking a journey," one that he took himself--and fortunately it has a good index. I began by looking up the places I know best: Waldoboro, Boothbay, Edgecomb, Casco, Bath, Damariscotta, but the book is a trap--once in, it's hard to get out. You go from photo to photo and from text to text.
The content of the pictures and text is absorbing, but I have said nothing about the aesthetic quality of the photographs. These old black and whites, from the days of heavy cameras and glass plate negatives, have a crispness and wealth of detail rarely seen in today's polychromatic action photos with artificial photo-effects. Many of them were taken for the purpose of making a record, and they project an authenticity that makes the viewer a participant. They have the grip of reality. The photos are worth the price of the book, and the text multiplies their value.
A Day's Work (Part I) focuses on many economic aspects of life in Maine in the late eighteenth and early twentieth century. The author, or annotator and compiler as he calls himself, says that some topics will appear in both volumes, but Part II will emphasize the pulp and paper industries, cotton textiles, coopering, axe manufacturing, etc. Perhaps he's waiting to sit down with the photographs and see where the journey leads. If it's anything like this one, it will be worth waiting for.
Herbert S. Bailey, Jr.
Fearrington Post 248
Pittsboro, NC 27312
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In chapter 2, the authors concern themselves with spaces having dimension 0. They first define dimension 0 at a point, which means that every point has arbitrarily small neighborhoods with empty boundaries. A 0-dimensional space is thus 0-dimensional at every one of its points. Several examples are given (which the reader is to prove), such as the rational numbers and the Cantor set. It is shown, as expected intuitively, that a 0-dimensional space is totally disconnected. The authors also show that a space which is the countable sum of 0-dimensional closed subsets is 0-dimensional. The closed assumption is necessary here, as consideration of the rational and irrational subsets of the real line will bring out.
Chapter 3 considers spaces of dimension n, the notion of dimension n being defined inductively. Their definition of course allows the existence of spaces of infinite dimension, and the authors are quick to point out that dimension, although a topological invariant, is not an invariant under continuous transformations. The famous Peano dimension-raising function is given as an example. The authors prove an equivalent definition of dimension, by showing that a space has dimension less than or equal to n if every point in the space can be separated by a closed set of dimension less than or equal to n-1 from any closed set not containing the point. The 'sum theorem' for dimension n is proven, which says that a space which is the countable union of closed sets of dimension less than or equal to n also has dimension less than or equal to n.
A successful theory of dimension would have to show that ordinary Euclidean n-space has dimension n, in terms of the inductive definition of dimension given. The authors show this in Chapter 4, with the proof boiling down to showing that the dimension of Euclidean n-space is greater than or equal to n. (The reverse inequality follows from chapter 3). The proof of this involves showing that the mappings of the n-sphere to itself which have different degree cannot be homotopic. The authors give an elementary proof of this fact. This chapter also introduces the study of infinite-dimensional spaces, and as expected, Hilbert spaces play a role here.
The Lebesgue covering theorem, which was also proved in chapter 4, is used in chapter 5 to formulate a covering definition of dimension. The author also proves in this chapter that every separable metric space of dimension less than or equal to n can be topologically imbedded in Euclidean space of dimension 2n + 1. The author quotes, but unfortunately does not prove, the counterexample due to Antonio Flores, showing that the number 2n + 1 is the best possible. These considerations motivate the concept of a universal n-dimensional space, into which every space of dimension less than or equal to n can be topologically imbedded. The author also proves a result of Alexandroff on the approximation of compact spaces by polytopes, and a consequent definition of dimension in terms of polytopes.
Chapter 6 has the flair of differential topology, wherein the author discusses mappings into spheres. This brings up of course the notion of a homotopy, and the author uses homotopy to discuss the nature of essential mappings into the n-sphere. The author motivates the idea of an essential mapping quite nicely, viewing them as mappings that cover a point so well that the point remains covered under small perturbations of the mapping. This chapter also introduces extensions of mappings and proves Tietze's extension theorem. This allows a characterization of dimension in terms of the extensions of mappings into spheres, namely that a space has dimension less than or equal to n if and only if for every closed set and mapping from this closed set into the n-sphere, there is an extension of this mapping to the whole space.
In chapter 7 the author relates dimension theory to measure theory, and proves that a space has dimension less than or equal to n if and only if it is homeomorphic to a subset of the (2n+1)-dimensional cube whose (n+1)-dimensional measure is zero. As a sign of the book's age, only a short paragraph is devoted to the concept of Hausdorff dimension. Hausdorff dimension is of enormous importance today due to the interest in fractal geometry.
Chapter 8 is the longest of the book, and is a study of dimension from the standpoint of algebraic topology. The treatment is relatively self-contained, which is why the chapter is so large, and the author treats both homology and cohomology. The author proves that a compact space has dimension less than or equal to n if and only if given any closed subset, the zero element of the n-th homology group of this subset is a boundary in the space. A similar (dual) result is proven using cohomology.
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The first one gives us the voices of such Shakespearean luminaries as Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Arthur Bourchier, Lewis Waller, Frank Benson, Johnston Forbes Robertson, John Gielgud, Sybil Thorndike, Lewis Casson, John Barrymore, Laurence Olivier, Henry Irving, Edwin Booth, and Ellen Terry. The last three are preserved on cylinders and the Booth one is scarcely audible. All of these readings are in the grand style, and it is instructive to compare the "Once more unto the breach" of Waller and Benson with that of Olivier. Terry's youthful delivery belies her age, but too many of the readers came to the recording session far past their prime. Still, this is living history and utterly fascinating as such.
The "Miscellany" is a mixed bag indeed. We have pairs of actors such as Noel Coward and Gertrude Lawrence in "Private Lives," Fred Terry and Julia Neilson in a poorly chosen scene from "The Scarlet Pimpernel," John Gielgud and Edith Evans in the marvelous handbag scene from "The Importance of Being Earnest," and even Laurel and Hardy recording in London. (Strange bedfellows indeed.)
Solo "turns" are performed by Tree as Svengali, Bransby Williams imitating Irving in "The Bells" and several (then) notable theatre personalities in his monologue "The Stage Doorkeeper," Henry Ainley reading "The Charge of the Light Brigade," and Charles Laughton reading (of all things) The Gettysburg Address (from the film "Ruggles of Red Gap").
The last foreign-language selections will not be of great interest to many listeners and of immense interest to students of European acting styles. We have Sarah Bernhardt reading "Phedre," Jean Mournet-Sully as Oedipus (in French), Constant Coquelin, the original Cyrano, racing through the Ballade of the Duel, Feodor Chaliapin reading a poem in a language I cannot identify, and Alexander Moissi doing excellent readings from "Faust" and the "Erlkoenig."
The notes are brief but informative and were written by David Timson, whose "History of Theatre" is also available on Naxos and reviewed on its appropriate web site.
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I once saw, in the credits of a particularly poor Shakespeare film (and most are), the astounding words of - 'written by William Shakespeare, additional material by The Films Director' I forget his name now - but it struck me as strange that you would even mention youself in the same sentence as Shakespeare when discussing credits for writing. Something like 'written by Shakespeare - ruined by the Films Director' would have been more appropriate. Anyway - if you haven't read this book by the time you are 50 - then I can only envy you - I would pay a Kings Ransom to find an undiscovered Shakespeare play.
'The drama is full of singularly beautiful detached passages: for example, the reflections of the King upon ceremony, the description of the deaths of York and Suffolk, the glorious speech of the King before the battle, the chorus of the fourth act, remarkable illustrations of Shakespeare's power as a descriptive poet. Nothing can be finer, also, than the commonwealth of bees in the first act. It is full of the most exquisite imagery and music. The art employed in transforming the whole scene of the hive into a resemblance of humanity is brilliant'.
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