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Here are a few of its misconceptions:
1. Mac Arthur was a great hero of World War I - virtually the only general officer who actually led his his troops into action on the Western front. His personal courage was unquestionable, and should not have been called into question during the battle for the Philippines.
2. At that time (1941/42)he was the Commanding General of the allied forces in the Philippines, just as Eisenhower was in Europe in 1944/45. How much time did Ike spend on the beaches of Normandy in June of 1944 or in Belgium during the Battle of the Bulge? Yet MacArthur was called "Dugout Doug" for not managing the defense of the Philippines from a fox hole on Bataan. This has always been utter nonsense!
3. In December 1941 MacArthur was as bereft of intelligence information from the War Department as were his counterparts in Hawaii.
4. His defensive operations were dictated by "War Plan Orange," - originally developed by the War Department during the 1920's and still in effect in 1941/42 - which required a retreat into the Bataan Peninsula until the Philippine defense forces could be relieved by reinforcements from the U.S., following a victory over the Japanese Navy in the mid Pacific. Pearl Harbor forclosed such a naval victory for six months and thereby doomed the defense of the Philippines.
5. In spite of their mutual dislike President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur out of the Philippines to command allied forces in Australia. He, at least, recognized MacArthur's inestimable value as a military commander.
6. Against all odds the Philippines held out for six months, until May 6, 1942 - the day of the Battle of the Coral Sea, and one month before the great American naval victory at Midway, which was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. The British surrendered Singapore in February 1942, within two months of the Japanese invasion of Malaya.
7. Ultimately the criticisms of MacArthur come down, as usual, to the claim that he was "arrogant." Well, so what? Was not Alexander the Great arrogant? Was not Julius Caesar arrogant? How about Napoleon? Wellington? Field Marshall Montgomery? George S. Patton? Even Washington was accused by his enemies of being aloof and arrogant. Only U.S. Grant is remembered as a humble soldier. There is no particular military virtue in humility. Douglas Mac Arthur was one of the four or five truly great strategic geniuses in American military history. He desreved his pride. What's more, his self confidence was, without doubt, an essential element in his military genius. It's time to stop criticising him for being who he was.
It is intriguing to speculate how a successful defense, which should have been possible given the fact that the Japanese landed exactly where MacArthur expected them to, might have changed the course of World War II.
MacArthur is fortunate that widespread US setbacks early in the war neccesitated a national hero and allowed him the opportunity to restore his reputation. Even today there are many people who cannot accept the idea that MacArthur made any mistakes, as other reviews of this book make clear. Perhaps another writer will one day tell us why MacArthur was so convinced that the Chinese would not attack across the Yalu during the Korean war. This mistake resulted in a massive setback for the UN forces and added years to that war.
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Author Stanley Weintraub's volume is a well researched, albeit dry, history of the general's last campaign. Within its pages, we encounter a wealth of players, both major and minor. MacArthur himself, America's aging postwar proconsul of a defeated Japan, sometimes brilliant, too often insubordinate, but always egotistical, self-aggrandizing, and militantly anticommunist. The staff toadies who surrounded him and sustained his narrow view of the universe, at the center of which was always Douglas himself: generals Wright, Willoughby and Whitney. His combat commanders: the hapless Gen. Walker (8th Army) and the self-important flunky Gen. Almond (X Corps). The wretched South Korean dictator, Syngman Rhee. General Peng Dehuai, the capable Chinese commander who infiltrated 200,000 of his troops into North Korea right under MacArthur's very nose. The plucky female war correspondent, Marguerite Higgins, who defied the clubbish, men-only mindset of her peers to go out and bring back the story. The home-front military and ex-military, in particular JCS Chairman Bradley and Defense Secretary Marshall, both so in awe of Douglas as to be rendered virtually ineffectual. Truman, the politically beleaguered Commander-In-Chief, who finally brought MacArthur to heel in a fit of righteous pique. And finally, MacArthur's eventual replacement as Supreme Commander, the humorlessly efficient Gen. Ridgeway.
If your previous exposure to the Korean "police action" has been nothing more than "MASH" reruns, then you'll find this book to be a valuable introduction. It includes a center section of about 30 photos. Woefully, it includes only one map - a single page rendering of the entire Korean peninsula, which, more often than otherwise, doesn't even show the places where the action takes place. (The map is so extraordinarily useless, I wonder why the author bothered at all.)
In the end, MacArthur was a victim of his own Weltanschauung, which became increasingly outmoded and dysfunctional as the Cold War swiftly monopolized the world stage. Had it not been for Korea, MacArthur's place on Mt. Olympus would certainly been assured. Instead, he died in relative obscurity in 1964 in the Waldorf-Astoria.
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The plot: on the night of March 15, 1944 at Milne Bay, New Guinea, two couples decided to venture into an off limits area for what is presumed to be an intimate encounter, or at least privacy. While in the area the are accosted by a party of 5 African American soldiers who, according to the two couples, demand sex from the women in return for their lives being spared. Once this is passed another party of 2 African American soldiers encountered the couple, one of whom demands sex despite the protestations of his companion who flees the scene. The culprits are quickly apprehended, are warned of their right against self-incrimination (this being 20 years prior to Miranda and under military law) but produce statements saying that they merely asked for sex and the two women voluntarily complied (wish my dating life had been this easy). Needless to say they were court-martialed for rape and executed on October 2, 1944. The author commanded the disciplinary facility where they were executed and presumably witnessed the event, though this isn't stated.
The author believes they were the victims of a miscarriage of justice because, incredibly, the court did not take into consideration the sexual privation they men had undergone and the poor judgment shown by the two couples in being in an off-limits area. He does make a valid point in that only four of the men actually took part in the gang rape but all six participants were condemned.
Why MacArthur is mentioned, other than as a hook to sell the book, is not clear. He approved the death sentences, but he also approved others. There is no treatment of the deliberations by MacArthur, nor to we know if they ever happened. The author engages in extensive psychobabble on MacArthur's upbringing, relations with his mother, and attitudes towards sex. How they bear on the story, again, is unclear.
The author reproduces portions of the trial transcript, which either show the ineptness of counsel (his opinion) or a competent counsel trying to convince a court-martial panel that one woman volunteered to service four men she didn't know while she was on a date with another man (my opinion); the orders affirming the sentence; and, the last letters home written by the men.
The book is an interesting memoir of an obscure part of WWII history. The practice of capital punishment in the military has been poorly covered both in quantity and quality. The lack of footnotes in this book will not help the scholar in replicating the work, but it does provide some insights.
I consider two stars to be an act of charity.
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