Is IQ the final "Missing Element" in World Development???

Anyone who spends time watching TV news or reading any publication is struck by the amount of poverty and uneven development in the world. According the U.S. World Factbook, many nation in Africa have life expectancy little above 40 years old. Half of the population of India is illiterate and a majority of the populations of China still live in the rural countryside with annual incomes in the hundreds of dollars.

What causes the great differences in wealth and poverty between the world's nations. I personally have many of these questions, as I am sure many others, of the wealth and poverty of nations. That's why Professor Lynn and Professor Vanhanen book seems to be a bolt of lightning out of the blue on the issue of Wealth of Poverty of Nations. Book is pricey but definitely worth the cost.

The Wealth of Nations can be assessed on three areas:

1.Natural Resources. Land, Oil, Diamond, Agriculture, Fishing, etc.

2.Planned versus Market Economies. Planned, controlled economies have brought poverty to North Korea, Russia, Eastern Europe, Cuba, China. Professor Lynn compares North to South Korea where income in south is 15 times higher than the north. In fact, there is now famine in North Korea.

3.National IQ of population.

IQ and Wealth of Nations dwells on the third component between National IQ and Economic Development. The author's ideas are original and are to be commended for a doing a full academic study.

The UK IQ of 100 is used as standard measure. The lowest measured is in Guinea (IQ, 59), Nigeria (IQ, 67) and highest in Japan (IQ, 105) and Hong Kong (IQ, 107).

Of note, readers will find IQ interesting if not debatable such as India (IQ, 81) Iraq (IQ, 87) Mexico (IQ, 87) US (IQ, 98) and Israel (IQ, 94). You would think India with so many engineers would have a higher IQ.

The highest average IQs are of the East Asian nations of North East Asia (IQ, 104), European nations (IQ, 98), and white populations of North America and Australasia (IQ, 98), South and Southwest Asia from the Middle East through Turkey to India and Malaysia (IQ, 87), South East Asia and the Pacific Islands (IQ, 86), Latin America and the Caribbean (IQ, 85), and Africa (IQ, 70).

Many readers of the 1994 The Bell Curve will be interested in the authors' finding of IQ of 70 for the native African population in Africa. The African-American IQ is usually 85 in U.S., Jamaica (IQ, 72). The Africans in U.S. have a higher IQ of 85 compared to Africa of 70. This will be of note to historians.

Of concern to American reader are the IQ of it's neighboring countries. Canada (97), Mexico (87), Cuba (85), Jamaica (72), Haiti (72) in the news Russia (96) Afghanistan (83). The numbers may be incorrect but nonetheless are worthy areas of debate and data for additional research.

Of China (100) and India (81), two nations in the billion people range. China (IQ, 100) compared with U.S.A. (98). China has five times as many people as U.S. The IQ of 100 may be depressed because of poverty. If it is 107 like the Chinese in Hong Kong, China seems to be a nation destined to rule the 21st. century. China has ten times more people than Japan (IQ, 105).

The IQ on China seems to be of world-historical, world-economic importance if they have such a high IQ. Sitting here in Austin, Texas, this bit of information makes me think. Not will they provide cheap labor, they will also provide the brains for the world.

The author posits an IQ of 90 is needed for a technology-based society. Only 20% of the world population have IQ above 90. Africa (IQ, 70) and India (IQ, 81), Latin America (IQ, 85) raises the impossibility of technical development there. This is depressing news. People who work in aiding the Third World really needs to look at these IQ numbers. If the IQ of 70 is correct for Africa, there going to be endless poverty.

Having read the book twice, this book really raises unsettling questions about he future of the world. Professor Lynn is expert on IQ with 20 years of scholarly research behind him. Both are not cranks nor pseudo-scientist. Both are professor-academics laying out an academic argument.

This maybe the book of the decade if not century. It raises unsettling, alarming, incredible, amazing, tough questions. Has the "missing element" in economic development been IQ after all. Will China (IQ, 100 or 107) dominate the world. Is IQ of Africa 70. Is the world average IQ equal to 90 and only 20% of the world's population above 100. Are nations doomed to poverty because of their IQ.

This book is a must buy, must read and must book for talk and analysis. Granted this is the first scholarly analysis of IQ and world development. Presumably more books and articles will follow and the IQ of individual nations will be researched and debated. I urge all readers to buy book and read it for themselves. It will keep you thinking for a long, long time as it did for me. If the IQ numbers correlate with economic development, this maybe the book of the decade. Period.

I accidentally ran across this book while taking a class on International economics at a local college. The issue of wealth and poverty of nations is complicated, controversial and full of left-right wing ideology.

According to the World Bank data and the U.S. World Factbook, how is it possible for so many African countries to have life expectancy to be little above 40 years old. How is it possible, once China had abolished Stalinist-Communist economics, it suddenly became the world's fastest growing economy and will sometime in the 21 st. century overtake the U.S. as the world largest economy?

How can some countries be so rich others while others so poor. How can some countries have such bright future while others are mired on poverty, chaos and endless strife? Can it be the national Intelligence (IQ) of the population?

This book does not beat around the bush. It cuts to the chase. East Asians (Japan, Korea, China) have the world's highest IQ of around 103-107. The U.S. has IQ of 98. Mexico has IQ of 87. Africans on the African continent have IQ of 70. Please buy book for more data.

The British IQ is benchmarked at 100 as a standard measure for all other nations. Hence, African IQ is 30 IQ points below the UK average of 100. If this is not a novel and bold idea, I do not know what it is. The world's average IQ comes out to be only 90. Only 20% of the world's population has IQ above the British average of 100, mostly in East Asia. Americans will be happy to know their reported IQ is 98.

Who is Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen? If one looks at the 1994 "The Bell Curve book", he is cited as one the world foremost scholar on IQ. Vanhanen is a professor with several academic studies to to his credit. Basically, the issues of IQ and nations are subjects they have written about for 30 years. The authors are not flukes but are experienced and respected academics.

Hence, this is a serious scholarly study to be read seriously by all interested in world economic development. The line of reasoning runs as follow: The Wealth of Nations can be assessed on three areas:

#1.Natural Resources. Land, Oil, Diamond, Gold, Agriculture, Fishing, etc, etc. Either you have national resources or you do not. The Middle East has Oil, Japan does not.

#2.Socialist versus Market Economies. Planned, controlled economies brings poverty. All socialists-planned economies are poverty-basket cases. Examples are North Korea, Cuba. Cubans have a monthly income of US$ 10. TEN DOLLARS A MONTH!

#3.National IQ and Economic Wealth. Main theses of book. Higher IQ nations can produce products and services in demand in the international market that will bring higher wealth to the nation.

Example, Japan has IQ of 105, can produce cars, electronics, TV, semiconductors to sell on the international market. Africa has IQ of 70, little or no high-tech or manufactured products to sell to market. Hence, poverty in Africa. Wealth in Japan.

Many readers will be interested in the national IQ of various nations. Please buy the book, it's all listed there. Here are some samples. The UK IQ of 100 is used as standard benchmark.

The lowest measured is in Guinea (IQ, 59), Nigeria (IQ, 67) and highest in Japan (IQ, 105) and Hong Kong (IQ, 107), India (IQ, 81) Iraq (IQ, 87) Mexico (IQ, 87) US (IQ, 98) and Israel (IQ, 94).

The highest average IQs are of the East Asian nations of North East Asia (IQ, 104), European nations (IQ, 98), and white populations of North America and Australasia (IQ, 98), South and Southwest Asia from the Middle East through Turkey to India and Malaysia (IQ, 87), South East Asia and the Pacific Islands (IQ, 86), Latin America and the Caribbean (IQ, 85), and Africa (IQ, 70).

Of concern to American reader are the IQ of it's neighboring countries. Canada (IQ, 97), Mexico (IQ, 87), Cuba (IQ, 85), Jamaica (IQ, 72), Haiti (IQ, 72) Russia (IQ, 96) Afghanistan (IQ, 83). The numbers may be incorrect but nonetheless are worthy areas of debate and data for additional research. Of China (IQ, 100) and India (IQ, 81), two nations in the billion people range affecting the future of the world. China (IQ, 100) compared with U.S.A. (98)

Economist Adam Smith in 1776 in the year of the American Revolution published "The Wealth of Nations". Smith's idea of the "Market" where buyers and sellers, supply and demand allocates resources in society is still dominant today. The wealth of peoples, nations depends on its ability to produce products and services that will command a high price in the international market. This is a no-brainer, simple ideas. Please buy book.

Take it to the next step, the world market demands cars, airplanes, semiconductors, computers, cell phone, medicine. Can all nations produce this? With Oil, you either have it or you do not. With high-tech products, it takes a smart brain and high IQ. That's where the national wealth and IQ comes from. IQ and national wealth and poverty: there is a direct correlation.

Please buy the book, read, think and debate the this revolutionary book.

The book's content is irresistible - at its heart is a table of the average IQ scores of 81 different countries, drawn from studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The national average IQs range from 107 for Hong Kong to 59 for Equatorial Guinea.

Lynn and Vanhanen benchmarked their IQ results so that Britain is 100. America scores 98 on this scale, and the world average is 90. IQ's are assumed to form a normal probability distribution ("bell curve") with the standard deviation set at 15. Here are a few examples:

Nation Avg. IQ
Eq. Guinea 59
Nigeria 67
Barbados 78
Guatemala 79
India 81
Iraq 87
Mexico 87
Argentina 96
US 98
China 100
UK 100
Italy 102
Japan 105
Hong Kong 107

Admit it, you want to know what the rest of the table says! Beyond satisfying sheer curiosity, though, the strong correlation between IQ and the wealth of nations is of world-historical importance. From now on, no public intellectual can seriously claim to be attempting to understand how the world works unless he takes IQ into account.

How much can we trust these IQ results?

As soon as I received the book, I turned to Appendix 1, where Lynn and Vanhanen describe all 168 national IQ studies they've found - an average of just over two per country.

Are the results internally consistent? In other words, when there are multiple studies for a single country, do they tend to give roughly the same answer?

I expected a sizable amount of internal divergence. I spent 18 years in the marketing research industry, so I know how expensive it is to come up with a nationally representative sample. Further, Lynn and Vanhanen use results from quite different IQ tests. They rely most on the non-verbal Raven's Progressive Matrices, which were designed to be used across cultures, even by illiterates. Yet, they also have a lot of results from the Wechsler exams, which are more culture dependent - the Wechsler include a vocabulary subtest, for example. And they report results from other IQ tests, including a few from the oddball Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Man test. Also, sample sizes vary dramatically, from a few dozen in some obscure countries to 64,000 for one American study. Finally, some studies were of children, others of adults.

This doesn't sound promising. Nevertheless, the results show a high degree of internal consistency. Here are the first eight countries for which they have multiple scores:

Argentina: 93 and 98
Australia: 97, 98, and 99
Austria: 101, 103
Belgium: 99, 103, 98
Brazil: 88, 84, 90, and 85
Bulgaria: 94, 91
China: 100, 92.5, 103.4
Democratic Republic of Congo: 73, 72

That's not bad at all. In fact, leaving aside China, the results are remarkably consistent. There are, of course, a few countries for which different studies came up with quite divergent results, especially Poland, where the two scores Lynn and Vanhanen found were 92 and 106. Still, the correlation among results when there are two or more studies for a country is a striking 0.94.

You shouldn't take every score on faith. The reported IQ for Israel (only 94????!!!) has elicited much criticism. Lynn has replied that he wanted to publish the data as he found it, even if some of it looked implausible. His hope is to encourage further research to resolve seeming anomalies.

The IQ structures of the two giga-countries, China and India, demand more intense study, in part because the future history of the world will hinge in no small part on their endowments of human capital. The demography of India is especially complex due to its caste system, which resembles Jim Crow on steroids and acid. By discouraging intermarriage, caste has subdivided the Indian people into an incredible number of micro-races. In India, according to the dean of population genetics, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, "The total number of endogamous communities today is around 43,000..." We know that some of those communities - such as the Zoroastrian Parsees of Bombay - are exceptionally intelligent.

But we can't say with any confidence what is the long run IQ potential of Indians overall. Their current IQ score (81) is low, especially compared to China (100), the other country with hundreds of millions of poor peasants. Yet, keep in mind just how narrow life in rural India was for so long. In 1952, on the fifth anniversary of independence, the Indian government commissioned a survey to find out if the average Indian villager had heard yet that the British had gone. The study was quietly cancelled when early results showed that the average villager had never heard that the British had ever arrived!

It appears likely that some combination of malnutrition, disease, inbreeding, lack of education, lack of mental stimulation, lack of familiarity with abstract reasoning and so forth can keep people from reaching their genetic potential for IQ. Lynn himself did early studies demonstrating that malnutrition drives down IQ. The co-authors conclude their book by recommending that

"The rich countries' economic aid programs for the poor countries should be continued and some of these should be directed at attempting to increase the intelligence levels of the populations of the poorer countries by improvements in nutrition and the like."

A clear example of how a bad environment can hurt IQ can be seen in the IQ scores for sub-Saharan African countries. They average only around 70. In contrast, African-Americans average about 85. It appears unlikely that African-Americans' white admixture can account for most of this 15-point gap because they are only around 17%-18% white on average, according to the latest genetic research. (Thus African-Americans white genes probably couldn't account for more than 3 points of the gap between African-Americans and African-Africans.) This suggests that the harshness of life in Africa might be cutting ten points or more off African IQ scores.

Similarly, West Africans are significantly shorter in height than their distant cousins in America, most likely due to malnutrition and infections. The two African-born NBA superstars, Hakeem Olajuwon and Dikembe Mutombo, are both from the wa-benzi [people of the (Mercedes ) Benz]upper class. Only the elite in Africa gets enough food and health care to grow up to be NBA centers.

This also implies that African-Americans might be able to achieve higher IQs too, although the environmental gap between white Americans and black Americans appears to be much smaller than between black Americans and black Africans. As I pointed out in VDARE in 2000, the most promising avenue for improving African-Americans' IQs is by promoting breastfeeding among blacks mothers, who nurse their babies at much lower rates than whites.

In fact, we know that IQ is not completely fixed over time because raw test scores have been rising for decades, about 2 to 3 points per decade. To counteract this, the IQ test-making firms periodically make it harder - in absolute terms - to achieve a score of 100. Lynn was possibly the first scientist to make this phenomenon widely known, although New Zealand political scientist James Flynn has gotten more credit for this recently. And, indeed, Lynn and Vanhanen scrupulously adjust the test results in their book to account for when each test was taken.

Richard John Lynn's scholarly edition of the I Ching appears to have been designed as a competitor to the Carey Baynes translation of Richard Wilhelm's deservedly famous edition. It has a very similar design and the same tall slim pages, though unfortunately the spine is glued and the book doesn't open flat.

Wilhelm wore his scholarship lightly, but Lynn seems determined to exhibit his. The numerous interesting footnotes are full, detailed, and unmistakably scholarly, but have been printed in a miniscule font that makes for difficult reading.

Apart from its inferior binding and minsicule typography, the main problem with the book is the extreme repulsiveness of the translation. Here is the opening line of Hexagram 1:

'Qian consists of fundamentality [yuan], prevalence [heng], fitness [li], and constancy [zhen]' (page 129).

Intelligible, perhaps, if you happen to understand the original Chinese, but hardly designed to make much sense to anyone else. Lynn's edition is very much one for the advanced student. Long-time students of the I Ching will find lots to chew on in his densely packed and heavily annotated pages (provided they can read them).

Beginners who are not so much interested in studying the I Ching as a document in the history of Chinese philosophy, but who want to try their hand at using the I Ching for divination, should most definitely avoid the Lynn. Their needs would be far better served by a book such as Stephen Karcher's 'How to Use the I Ching,' one of the finest available editions for beginners on the market.

The Lynn has its uses, but despite its pretensions I very much doubt it will ever succeed in ousting the Wilhelm from its pre-eminent position as the West's foremost edition of the I Ching. Among other things, I don't think people would be prepared to sacrifice Wilhelm's beauty.

What sets this apart from other translations of the Classic of Changes is that it is relatively recent work done on a relatively early collection of Changes-plus-commentaries. Indeed, Wang Bi's comments on the Changes, translated here, are the earliest known comments on the Changes, as Wang Bi lived just after the collapse of the Han dynasty.

The translator describes Wang Bi's approach as a blend of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, although Daoism as we now know it had come into being barely 100 years prior, and the Changes has never been a particularly Daoist work to begin with, although it was finally admitted into the Daoist Canon centuries after its adoption by the Confucians. I would characterize Wang Bi's sensibility as predominantly Confucian. Indeed, Lynn acknowledges that Neo-Confucian interpretations of this classic would be much different had it not been for the legacy of Wang Bi.

This translation serves scholarship before all else, and is accordingly rife with footnotes, glosses, and annotations, which can make it rough to read. Nevertheless, this is one of the Five Classics, extremely important in the Confucian Canon, and Lynn has worked hard to bring us a complete translation of the Changes as read by Wang Bi. There is no doubt that it was a worthwhile effort.

For a neo-Confucian take on the Changes, the work of choice is still the Wilhelm-Baynes. For a pre-Confucian view, Whincup's translation is fascinating. By all means, avoid Ritsema and Karcher if what you desire is a translation of the Classic of Changes. As an introduction, I'd recommend the work at hand or Whincup's.

Richard John Lynn's translation of the I Ching has become one of my most precious books. He has found the style that brings back a very distant voice of ancient China: Wang Bi, a philosophical geenius who died at the age of 23 after having written the most outstanding commentaries ever of the I Ching and the Tao Te Ching. R.J.Lynn brings out the taoist touch of Wang Bi's philosophy by keeping the word "dao" in the English text. Some of his expressions are fun, like when someone's situation has come to a point of decline, Lynn translates Wang Bi with: "this one's dao has petered out". Somehow Lynn has brought Wang Bi's thought back to life.

This latest translation of the Chinese Taoist Classic is a dry and lifeless specimen, not surprising from a man whose translation of the I Ching was praised for "having no truck with 'timeless wisdom.'" (back cover blurb). This volume's claim to fame, beyond its slim and attractive appearance, is the complete translation of Wang Bi, a 23 year old commentator from 3rd century CE China. To determine whether this translation is for you, you should know that Wang Bi had a strong inclination toward political interpretation, a proclivity probably due to the "high official status and prestige" of his family and their role in government and politics [p. 9], a trend furthered by his great-uncle's "Treatise on Keeping One's Person Safe"-which begins by making government secure [p. 10]. (Now there's a Chinese virtue, eh?) Consider also Wang Bi's answer as to why Confucius never spoke of nothingness while Lao Tzu spoke of it incessantly (as the Mother of the Ten Thousand Things etc.): "The Sage [Confucius] embodied nothingness so he also knew that it could not be explained in words....Master Lao...constantly discussed nothingness...for what he said about it always fell short [p. 12]." Now if you believe that someone who could say that actually knew anything firsthand about the Tao, then this book is for you. And if you are interested in Wang Bi, see Ellen Chen's superb translation/commentary which puts it in perspective. Otherwise, this is a book on Te-social virtue-where the scholarship is impeccable and the feeling is weak. And that's the Way it is!

"~Finally, a full translation of the Wang Bi commentary. Lynn's translation of the Daode jing itself is nothing new (though it's nice to see many key terms bracketed in Chinese as they appear, and some passages are translated in a fresh and insightful way), but the introduction and commentary by Wang Bi are every bit as brilliant as I'd been led to believe. You cannot fail to gain a deeper understanding of this seminal Taoist text from Wang's commentaries."~ fair, and nonjudgmental throughout, a rare quality in Taoist studies, also providing an extensive bibliography, glossary, and index, in addition to an excellent introduction. This is _the_ best scholarly translation of the Daode jing I have seen.This is not some phony ancient Chinese justification of libertarianism, or think a translation of the DDJ has to be particularly beautiful and poetic to be meaningful (not that there's anything wrong with sounding poetic! it just misses the point of the DDJ), you simply can't go wrong with this book. Thanks to R. Lynn for making this available to all of us who cannot read Classical Chinese. I will not be surprised if this book is someday considered an authoritative translation.

I just got this and it has instantly become my favorite translation. It seemed to click. Add to that the fact that it is more than just the author's interpretation. He includes explanations from people other than himself to try and milk out as much depth as possible using words. Considering the Tao is a wordless form of teaching, these words are wonderful.

Do yourself a favor and add this to your balance of translations. If you don't have one, this is a great place to start.

I'm lucky, see, because I live in the same town as Kim Underwood and get to read his Sunday newspaper column.

Why do people like Kim's writing? It's joyous. He is joyous. Compassion seems all out of fashion nowadays, and cynicism has boldly taken its place. Thankfully, we still have a few books out there to bring our attention to ubiquitous things. To celebrate the mundane. To contemplate the everyday matters of life.

Dope on a Rope is a very guy-next-door take on life. He a well-versed snacker. His dog Buster (aka "his dogness") figures prominently in his life. And I'm pretty sure that he makes up at least one new word each week. Many of his essays read like short homilies on the state of his life. This makes perfect sense, being as he probably picked up a few techniques from his father, the minister.

Everyone who wants to be a better neighbor needs to read Dope on a Rope. Good neighbors pay attention to one another and the life around them. Makes you wish Kim would buy the house next door.

I grew up in New York reading almost daily columnists like Buchwald, Hamill, and Wilson Sr. I remember the "Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight as a novel and not a former class of the St. John's basketball team. So when DOPE ON A ROPE arrived, I felt comfortable reading a compilation of what I expected to be small town columns written for the Winston Salem Journal's by Kim Underwood.

Talk about New York stereotyping, I found a warm, often humorous but sometimes serious look at life that could been written anywhere in this country. Don't worry Mr. Underwood, I will not tell the world about your mauve (not purple) shirt or what dope jumps from a hot air balloon attached to a bungee rope even if a Playmate is accompanying them. This compilation is fun, well written while readers gain insight into the "oddments from the mind" of a writer who makes his personal look at life a lot more interesting than canned asparagus (think what those shoots look like) or is it spinach? DOPE ON A ROPE is plain ole fun.

Harriet Klausner

Emotion had been largely ignored in cognitive neuroscience until some year ago (with LeDoux, Damasio, Panksepp leading the way) Now, there are various attempts to restore emotion as a very important and fruitfull line of research. Cognition cannot be understood stripped of emotion. This book is a collection of the many issues in affective neuroscience. There are various papers dealing with its neuronal correlates, its place in the cognitive hierarchy, with value, its conscious expression, among many other things. Emotion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, and cognitive neuroscience is trying to explain it from many prespectives. This book is the culmination of these attempts. Must-read for anyone interested in emotion and neuroscience.

This is a book that pulls no punches. It argues that both intelligence and conscientiousness are heritable traits (as shown by twin- and adoption-studies); and that people who are low in these traits have, over roughly the past century, had the most siblings and the most children of their own. Thus Richard Lynn maintains that 'the eugenicists were right' -- pace many modern experts in genetics whom Lynn chastises for falling by the wayside. Further, Lynn condemns the Roman Catholic Church for backing monogamy and priestly celibacy; and for opposing abortion and the more effective types of contraception. The book closes with Lynn promising a companion volume in which the modern policy implications of dysgenic trends will be considered.

What is impressive in all this is the sheer quantity of modern evidence that is available to illustrate the author's empirical claims. Time and again, Lynn is able to report highly significant dysgenic correlations of around -.20 between the traits that concern him and indices of achieved fertility. The evidence is principally from the West; but, by using educational and socio-economic data in relation to fertility, the same underlying trends can arguably be detected in other countries too. (The exception is in Black Africa, where contraception is so little used that typical upper-class families have around the same six children as do those of agricultural workers).

Despite the total lack of interest of today's criminologists in genetic factors and fertility, Lynn finds evidence suggesting that "the fertility [of British] criminals is 77 percent higher than that of the British population as a whole." Thus Lynn can even begin to address the West's problem of ceaselessly rising criminality. In recent years, liberal-left, 'anti-elitist' and 'anti-racist' students at today's universities have made sensible and open discussion of heredity and its policy implications difficult and even dangerous. This is why, in my own book, The g Factor (1996, Wiley DePublisher), I avoided dysgenics -- and indeed any unequivocal eugenic conclusions -- and concentrated merely on educational recommendations that would, if accepted, have begun to move Western thinking towards a sensible recognition of the need to cultivate valuable human qualities. Will Richard Lynn be able to turn the egalitarian tide by a head-on approach?

From 1960, the standard objection to dysgenic ideas was that previous surveys (finding dysgenic trends) had ignored those people in modern populations who remain unmarried and childless -- not uncommonly because of low mental ability, psychosis or a criminal record. Such people are necessarily ignored in the easiest and most common type of social survey that studies schoolchildren and asks them for their parents' occupations and the number of children in the family. The errors of such neglect were pointed out in the influential reports by Higgins et al. (1962) and Bajema (1968). However, these authors' own studies themselves involved small and unrepresentative samples that positively over-represented individuals having IQ <70. Such people may indeed in the past have had few children (not least because of locked single-sex wards in mental subnormality hospitals) but they are only 2.5% of the population and their own procreative restraint -- if it still continues -- will be easily overshadowed by the state-assisted fertility of the 13.5% of people who fall between IQ 70 and IQ 85. In fact, both in Britain and the USA, much larger and more representative modern studies find that people of above average IQ have fewer children than people of below-average IQ (Kiernan & Diamond, 1982 [following up 13,687 British infants born in 1946]; Van Court & Bean, 1985 [studying around 12,000 US adults, born 1890-1964]).

Richard Lynn has performed a valuable service in bringing together the evidence about present dysgenic trends and presenting it to effect and with his usual clarity. There is plainly reason to believe that the West has brought natural selection for intelligence and conscientiousness to a halt, and that we have for some time been breeding in irresponsible ways for which our grandchildren may curse us as they struggle to cope with the phenomenon of unemployability for people of around IQ 90 in advanced, information-based societies. It is to be hoped that psychologists will read Dysgenics with open minds and ask the American Psychological Association, the British Psychological Society, the Galton Institute and similar bodies in continental Europe to ensure that the requisite new research in this field is undertaken with despatch...

I was very disappointed when this product came out.
Potentially it could have been the highlight of the early d20 system's open license, but the producers did a very 2nd rate job of putting together the materials.
The presentation was no better then a novice could've accomplished on a home pc. The artwork was old, the organisation was not updated at all for the new book and directly borrowed from prior products.
This setting is just waiting for someone who really cares to adapt it in a good light instead of rushing to make a quick buck.
I expected more from such a fine company as Chaosium.

For those that are NOT familiar with the idea, WOTC has offered an 'Open Game License' to any publisher that would like to contribute to the further growth of the d20 system that has been implemented with D&D3Ed.

Chaosium, the fine purveyors of Call of Cthulhu (for many many years) and the oft relaunched RPG versions of the Elric of Melnibone have thrown their hat in the d20 ring with this first offering.

DLoM is Elric d20... it's that simple. And the folks at Chaosium have not let us down. The package is tight, conscice and filled to the brim with vital info for running a d20 Young Kingdoms campaign.

All the main players atre faithfully presented, details for adapting Melnibonean and Pan-Tangean magic to the d20 formula and the surprising detail of summonings and pacts that were so vital to the Elric storyline all contibute to an amazing package.

If you love Elric, then this is the game for you... now... when do we get Hawkmoon and Corum?

Based upon the popular Michael Moorcock fantasy novels, Dragon Lords Of Melnibone offers the players a complete role gaming adventure in a dark world where the forces of law and chaos clash. Players are provided with a complete description of this mystical world of Young Kingdoms and such strange races as Melniboneans and the Myyrrhn; magic and religion; demons, monsters, folk and heroes; and a gaming system that is riveting from first to last. Of particular value is The Dungeon Masters Companion section including reference guides for campaigns, mass combats, effects of chaos, scenarios, allegiances, three forces, enchantments, rumors, a character sheet template, and user friendly index. Wonderfully illustrated throughout, Dragon Lords Of Melnibone is a very highly recommended addition to any dedicated role gamer's reference and player collection.

I was doing a research project for school when I stumbled upon Richard Trenton Chase. I read the reports of his crimes and assumed him to be Schizophrenic. Most people would look at his acts as disgusting, but I can totally understand the logic behind his reasonings which drove him to kill. I think the book couldve been written better, but as far as Richard himself, people shouldnt look at him as a murderer, but more as a victim. His whole life he was scared and there was never a time when he wasnt paranoid. He took his own life because he couldnt handle it anymore. If youre interested in psychology or criminology then this might be a good book for you to read.

This story full of blood is very terrible. But the author may be lack of skills to describe this thing clearly!

Richard Gentry's book is full of information, other researcher's information. I was disappointed in the constant use of other's ideas. I do find the benchmarks at the end to useful. I was hoping, however, for new ideas to add on to other leaders in educations research, instead it was just revisited again.

Richard Gentry's "Literacy Map" is a concise guide for the teaching of reading and writing in the primary classroom. He has included many excellent literacy assessments followed by clear examples of what to do with the results of these assessments. All his recommended teaching practices are easy to implement, require few "extra" materials, and are not program-specific. The book is divided by grade level, making it easy to locate what is appropriate for the reader's grade level. Gentry makes a clear case for the reciprocity of reading and writing, as well as acknowledging the importance of using assessment to guide instruction.

This book is a collection of short stories set in the World of Two Moons. The main characters of the stories are mostly chiefs of an elf tribe. Each chief is a decendant of an earlier chief. This book started out so bad, I almost put it down, but I hate starting a book and not finishing it, so I struggled through to the end. A few of the stories were actually pretty good, but they didn't make up for the ones that weren't.

I was fascinated by this book and the others in the Blood of Ten Chiefs series, even though I hadn't (and still haven't) read any of the Elfquest comics. The stories, by various fantasy writers, are mostly complex and absorbing.

I was even inspired to go on a lengthy search for an unavailable title in the series (this was several years ago).

A good read.