This is a terrific and highly readable biography of a fascinating and enigmatic ruler, set in a period of great political upheaval. Anyone interested in the details of "why" and "how" things happened - not merely "what" happened - will find this book immensely interesting.

Kendall's style is gripping, but he tends to be a partisan for his subject. At times, his bias becomes a little annoying, particularly where more than one "spin" could be put on a certain course of action. The reader must be careful to make his own judgements in many places.

That said, Kendall provides a wealth of quotes from contemporary sources, and his scholarship is unquestionable. This is a great book, covering a time and place that is too little addressed in most popular histories.

In LOUIS XI THE UNIVERSAL SPIDER, biographer-historian Paul Murray Kendall says the Burgundian chronicler Molinet called Louis "the universal spider" and the sobriquet unfortunately stuck. He says Louis was further demonized by 19th Century historians and writers who failed to do their homework. Louis XI was not so much spider as he was diplomat and peace-maker in an age when men looked suspiciously on such behaviour, and combat was viewed as the honorable and noble approach to settling disputes. Louis used his head and the end result was to bring the feudal era in France to a close and help usher in the modern world.

Louis reckoned the ceaseless bickering and fighting of the nobles was destructive to the health of the countryside and the people of France. The common people of the towns and villages agreed with Louis as did the merchants and tradesmen. Louis is not remembered for winning any great battles. The major reason Louis was so successful in defeating his enemies was owing to his understanding of finance. He understood that those who fight must finance their wars and without funds, their access to armaments and mercenaries evaporates. The clever king also understood that when the countryside is destroyed an army that crawls on its belly cannot fight.

Charles VII was the father of Louis XI, that same Dauphin whom Joan the Maid of Orleans managed to have crowned. The ungrateful Charles VII did nothing to save Joan once she had been captured by the English and the Duke of Burgundy, but the six-year old boy who became Louis XI never forgot the saint and he held a lifelong devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary after his encounter with her. When Louis was most pressed he prayed to the Virgin, and his monument to her at Clery still exists.

The Duke of Burgundy during Charles VII's reign was Phillip the Good, and when Louis XI ran afoul of his father, he sought shelter with Duke Phillip who sheltered him. Thus Louis spent a good part of his young manhood in the company of his dour cousin Charles the Bold who became the Duke of Burgundy on his father's death. Charles also became Louis' life-long enemy and it was Charles' man who slandered Louis by referring to him as "the universal spider."

Louis had one aspiration--to unite France in peace, and promote commerce and the general welfare of the people. Charles the Bold fancied himself another Julius Caesar--a warrior-king. Charles set about expanding his Duchy until Burgundy reached from the county of Burgundy near the Jura mountains to Flanders and Holland on the North Sea.

Louis was no warrior-king. While other lords ran around in ermine and velvet and jousted at tournaments, Louis donned the hunter's clothes and spent most days in the rural areas chasing animals with his hunting dogs and comingling with the common folk. When he wasn't hunting animals Louis collected them for his vast menagerie.

On most occasions Louis tried to make peace not war. He used his head, outwitted his enemies including the English king Edward IV, and at the end of his life left his heir Charles VIII a united France. Kendall obviously admired Louis and remarks that he was one of the most formidable human beings who ever lived.

I have been reading the series Alison Weir has been writing on the English nobility, and enjoyed reading LOUIS XI not only because I want to know more about the history of France, but because in reading about Louis XI, I was able to understand why certain exchanges, conflicts, etc. regarding Edward IV were important. If you found Alison Weir's book on the WAR OF THE ROSES intriguing, you will appreciate this book. Kendall's writing is comparable to Weir's and he has based his writing on his original research--though he is quite dependent on Commynes as are most of Louis' biographers.

I bought this book from Alibris, and I recommend you find a copy if you're interested in this period of history. I am puzzled as to why this book is out of print.

Paul Murray Kendall's "Louis XI" illuminates a seldom studied area of world history. France of the fifteenth century was a fragmented collection of duchies and fiefdoms ruled over by independent nobles. Although they were technically vassals to the French King, in reality they often ignored the King and ruled their lands pretty much as they pleased.

During his reign from 1461 until his death in 1483, Louis XI used his wits and artful negotiation to beat the militarily stronger Duke of Burgundy and the other nobles of his kingdom while at the same time fending off foreign foes, Britain and Austria.

Louis XI was a king who travelled around his kingdom on a regular basis to learn what was happening in the towns and provinces of France. He also developed a network of communications to stay in touch with even the farthest reaches of his kingdom. This network of communications earned him the nickname "the Univesal Spider."

Kendall's book brings Louis XI to life in a very exciting narrative. The book gathers and holds the reader's attention until the very end.

Legal thrillers are my favorite genre of books; however, Attorney Nizer either assumes his readers are not paying attention or stupid. I was very tired of the repetition which caused me to put down this book several times. It is a riveting story which makes this book worth while, but be prepared to be annoyed at the author's technique. It might work well with a jury, it doesn't work well with an educated reader.

This book shows one of our greatest legal minds, a close relative of mine, at work. Very few people know that in addition to being a star attorney, Louis Nizer (the author of the book, not myself) was an all- star baseball player in the ill-fated Norewigan pro- baseball leage. This book unpacks both, and Nizers love of felines. A smash hit!

As the story unfolds the tension mounts. It left no doubt in my mind that this was truly an unjustly accused and convicted man. I was also greatly impressed with the dedication and compassion of defense attorneys.

If you're interested in the future uses and directions of digitized images, Alan Rath's joining of digitized images with kinetic sculptures is worth considering. Rath doesn't see kinetic art as alienating, so he's a bit baffled by commentaries on kinetic art such as those in his interview with Meredith Tromble ("There are undoubtedly more electronic circuits in my home than there are bits of painted canvas, yet when I imagine art about daily life I still think of a still life or a family portrait."). Rather he sees our relationship to technology as being just as intimate as our relationship to more culturally established forms of art. His digital video sculptures--built from circuit boards, memory chips, frame buffers and wires--are meant to be playful investigations of people's relationship to machinery and technology. For example, though Rath uses digitized videotaped images of the human eye to lend a psychological presence to his kinetic sculptures, he resists tendencies to anthropomorphize his sculptures in order to discover and create new modes of exchange and social relationships. In Rath's "Watcher," a wall-mounted monitor showing a shifting pair of eyes-neither quite inanimate nor animate-the effect of the image isn't to create a kind of portrait, or suggest any real perceptual ability, but simply to draw attention to our emotional responses as our traditional modes of relating are questioned and thwarted.

A 2-D book format is obviously not the optimal format for experiencing Rath's kinetic sculptures. Nevertheless, if you don't have the opportunity to go to one of his exhibits, the photographs of Rath's exhibited works at SITE Santa Fe is the next best thing.

Honestly, I wish there were negative stars so that I could express my opinion of this book more accurately.

This book should be better listed in the "fiction" category, since so much of it is based on unreliable personal accounts. The whole premise of the book rests upon the old Euro-orientalist myth that "sinful" behavior such as homosexuality runs rampant in the "sinful" realm of Islam, and that the religion of Islam is more tolerant of gays and lesbians than Christianity.

As most Muslims know, such ideas are utter nonsense. After all, a few strict Muslim jurists argue that the death penalty is the proper Islamic punishment prescribed for persons convicted of homosexual intercourse. How many Christian high-priests would today concur with that sentence? (Of parenthetical note, however, is the fact that the Biblical book Leviticus actually recommends that very punishment.)

All things considered, the book represents less an in-depth analysis into homosexuality in Muslim culture than an idealized, perverted fantasy world of these Western-born and bred authors.

Put aside the homophilism and the jargon, both of which are a bit strong, and what's left is a fascinating and eye-opening book about a topic much hinted at but little considered systematically. The authors not only have the benefit of knowing homosexuality in many other societies but are well grounded in matters Islamic. Despite the title, they deal predominantly with men; lesbians are little known about.

As with so much else in the sexual realm, Islamic norms differ profoundly from Western ones. The authors establish several points: (1) Islam treats homosexuality far less harshly than does Judaism or Christianity. (2) Sex between men results in part from the segregation of women and in part from the poetic and folk heritage holding that the penetration of a pretty boy is the ultimate in sexual delight. (3) Sex between men is 'frowned upon, but accepted' so long as the participants also marry and have children; and also if they keep quiet about this activity. (4) The key distinction is not hetero- vs. homosexual but active vs. passive; men are expected to seek penetration (with wives, prostitutes, males, animals); the only real shame is attached to serving in the female role. (5) Youths usually serve in the female role and can leave behind this shame by graduating to the male role. (6) The great Muslim emphasis on family life renders homosexuality far less threatening to Muslim societies than to Western ones (Muslim men seeking formally to marry each other remains unimaginable).

In the most startling parts of Islamic Homosexualities, Murray and Roscoe re-interpret important historical developments through the prism of male sex among Muslims. For example, they make a plausible case that sexual attraction was a significant impetus for the development of military slavery throughout the Muslim world. Less persuasively, they speculate that the relaxed Muslim attitude on this subject incited medieval European hostility to homosexuality as a way for those otherwise backward peoples to 'feel superior' to Muslims.

Middle East Quarterly, June 1997

From the cover to the last page, *Islamic Homosexualities* is packed with information that is really useful to the queer Muslim of today. From "Slave Elites" of the Ottoman Empire to the "Gender-Defined" roles of African Homos, from the "Male Actresses" to the "Pakistani Male Prostitues," the book is truly packed with shocking yet factual information.

There is little information about lesbians in the book. In fact, there are only two lesbian voices in the book! A "Balkan Sworn Virgin" and a "Gender-Crossing in Southern Iraq." Beside those, the book is all about the boys, the boys and just some more boys.

I will tell you right now, the last part of the book is my favorite! Why? Because it is packed with stuff from our time. While it was interesting reading about Muslim fags in the Ottoman Empire, it couldn't be compared with the current situations in places like Pakistan. Delicious, Oh my Goodness! And I don't mean that in a sexual way, mind you. But rather it feeds the soul. Hassan Mujtaba, a journalist, hits the road and you can just take big guesses what he finds!

Without giving away the nutrious stories in the book, let me just say that it remains the top on my "best" list... for... ever!

Having just completed the GED testing in Santa Clara County, CA, I wanted to take a moment to share some observations I made while using "Barron's, How to Prepare for the GED" (11th Edition). While I did find the guide helpful, I also found a highly disturbing number of errors. Most of the errors I'm referring to go far beyond common typographical or publication errors. Considering the purpose of the publication, I expected quality but found a total lack of it.

Of particular concern, is the math section. The cover of the guide advertises "Extensively revised and updated," and "All new math review." However, is where I found the greatest number of flagrant errors.

I don't know if primary responsibility for these errors rests with the author(s), editor(s), or publisher, but I'm certain most everyone will agree that the quality of educational materials of this nature is everyone's concern.

I have sent a sample of the errors I encountered to the publisher for review. I have also forwarded a copy to the Board of Education in California. Based on the number of (obvious) errors I encountered, I think it safe to assume the actual number of errors, in this particular publication, goes far beyond the 50 "+" question and answer errors I documented.

I bought this book because I have had so many positive experiences with other Barron's series. I will be taking a general math/English exam as a part of an application process to work at my children's school. I wanted to review various subject areas that I thought mught be covered on the exam, and so I picked up Barron's GED and CBEST books. I am still making my way through the GED book, and haven't yet started on the CBEST.

I am almost through with the math portion of the GED book, and I am so angry. By the time I realized how many errors were in almost every micro-section of the math review, I had already thrown away my receipt. This book is unbelievable. Granted, the portions that are written accurately are thoughtful and mostly easy to follow, but the amount of errors (3 errors on one of the math pages) are incomprehensible. How did this happen? Error after error after error.....I think you get the picture. I am now on page 522, where the "ANSWERS" portion of a chapter review test lists the answer to problem #6 as choice "7." Well, hello, but the choices only number from 1-5. Choice Number 7 doesn't exist!

Barron's wasted my time and my money on this one. The discussion portions are extremely helpful, but need to be backed up with consistantly accurate math problems and answers. If Barron's can go back and fix these errors (and maybe offer the poor saps who bought this version an unconditional money-back return policy, with or without receipt in hand), this would actually be a great book.

The book is pretty good except of the chapter maths. Maths is lousy. There are more than a dozen real terrible mistakes! I've never seen before a book with so many mistakes.