I only have two concerns with this otherwise solid title.
1) The text is too academic -- how about a short, readable book for the masses? I propose a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) format that would enable students and others to confront unargued post-modern dogma.
2) I would have loved an examination of the historical roots of post-modernism and other forms of irrationalism. For those who are interested, Wendy Kaminer's book 'Sleeping with Extra-Terrestrials' is a good examination of American irrationalism.
Finally, if anyone else reading this review is a student (or teacher) at a university who is concerned with the stifling of free inquiry in education, please e-mail me and initiate a discussion. Thank you.
As for the content: superb.
Several points argue against the dependency theorist. Marxists, with their idiosyncratic class theory of the state, miss the relationship between legitimacy and strategy of state power, reducing everything to economic power differentials. They focus on class struggle, supposedly the manifestation of economic "contradictions." This overlooks historic dynamics going back centuries that include constitutional, technological, economic, cultural, and legal changes that are not epiphenomenal precipitates of an economic base. In addition, nationalistic financial centers unleashing war upon another makes little sense now in an era where nation-states are becoming obsolete. In a world with weapons of mass destruction held by "virtual" states, mass immigration, environmental challenges, epidemiological concerns, and a vulnerable, privatized critical infrastructure, future war will be undertaken for reasons unrelated to capital export.
Lenin misses the development of the state which was occurring in his history. Under many state-nations, the state was the realization of the nation, its order, its will. James Madison writes in Federalist #63: "The true distinction between these and the American governments, lies in the total exclusion of the people, in their collective capacity, from any share in the latter, and not in the total exclusion of the representatives of the people from the administration of the former." One thinks of more extreme examples, such as Rousseau's general will and Hegel's deification of the state as a living god. Napoleon was the apotheosis of the state-nation.
However, state-rights were challenged as national-rightists began to assert themselves. Bismarck's effort for unification is the most notable example. Americans are more familiar with the American Civil War. The United States changed from a Union to a Nation, as seen in Lincoln's Gettysburg Address in 1863. States eventually were deemed legitimate by how well they promoted the general welfare of a specific nation. This was legitimized at Versailles -- self-determination being most important -- the state taking care of the welfare of a nation, rather than the other way around. Most of Lenin's colonies are nation-states today. Such nationalistic loyalty will become increasingly challenged as market-states, with internationally floating finance capital, blossom into existence as more and more question the nationalistic paradigm, as seen by change in Western reaction to the four Yugoslav wars of the 1990's. Sovereignty was once opaque, particular to a nation. Now nationality is becoming irrelevant to human rights -- a basis for legitimacy, as crime and war become blurred.
As far as Lenin's historical scheme is concerned, several points can be noted. Capital flows from France went overwhelmingly to Russia where profits could be made during that period, not to her colonies. (Lenin dismisses this as mere government "loan" capital...) Some blame Britain for undermining Argentina's economy with capital investment -- but one forgets -- the favorite target for British capital in the 19th century was the United States of America. The current financial relationship between the U.S. and Japan has not brought upon imperialism. In addition, with the earlier Portuguese empire -- the cost of policing their empire was actually greater than the benefit of their far-flung gains, leading to its demise. Dutch imperialism faltered in the 18th century -- though Indonesia was retained until the 20th -- because her prosperity was based upon tight control of the Baltic. These are just a few of many examples that confront the dependency theorist.
Lastly, in the modern context, the price of raw materials has been falling worldwide for years. The prosperity of LDCs will become more and more contingent upon the intelligence of their workforce. Most colonial cold war conflicts were battles to the death over which form of nation-state was legitimate -- parliamentary, socialist, or fascist. Whether the "rather dead than red" style policies were ethical can be debated, but surely one can understand the urgency (or paranoia?) of the Americans in the 50s, with the Soviets with the bomb, China previously turning red, communists on the move in Indochina, Korea, Latin America, Africa, et cetera. Many American and Soviet-implemented horrors were strategic in basis, not economic.
This work is essential for those interested in Marxist theory. I cannot see how it is applicable to today's world, but for anyone seeking to understand the 20th century, particularly the viewpoint of one of its major actors, I'd recommend it.
It made sense to me of how Lenin viewed Capitalism in global terms, rather than individual or local terms. If the individual Bourgeois exploits the collective proletariat, then Lenin goes further that a majority Bourgeois country (i.e. USA) exploits a majority prolerariat (Mexico) country. And in the largest sense, international monopolies and large banks direct the inner workings of this exploitation-dynamic, regardless of what geographic state they represent. Backed up with a lot of creditable statistics,a clear and comprehensive insight, this book is extremely convincing; especially when one considers today's 'globalization' phenomena.
Even with his analysis of the 1910's, one gains a better understanding of the capitalist development of the 21st century -Lenin wouldn't be surprised by the economic paralysis of third world countries, the huge debts of certain states and certain citizens, and the massive power of the IMF.
However, no matter how convincing Lenin may be, it is important to be cautious of him. Lenin finished this book in one of the most important events as a politician in 1916. In 1917, gaining victory in the revolution, he announced to the press of the "one-party state," which censored any thought, idea, or action that did not fall under the context of Marxist tenets. In a sense, Lenin founded the beginnings of Totalitarianism. How tragic! But it is not unknown that when politicians bite the granite, they no longer become nice and virtuous human beings.
He justified noble ends with corrupt means. I have experienced the 'heat,' of radical-oriented books. Lenin's Imperialism is certainly one of them. This heat increased my knowledge of a certain thing in a certain perspective, but burned off my common sense and intuition. I used to think this to be a feeling of 'enlightenment,' (cheesy, but true) and discovered that I only lost my freedom to think for myself.
I know this is a weird comment, but make sure to consider context, content, and open-minded inquiry when reading such material! It's important for freedom! Altogether, two thumbs up to Imperialism, judged by its tremendous importance and intelligent insights. But reader, beware! Don't get caught up in the heat! Be careful! Remember 1917?
Lewis starts his journey in the `badlands' of Bihar and comes face to face with the howling moral void that characterizes the state. The messy streets of Patna, the dark underbelly of Bhagalpur, the ongoing communal killings, `the likelihood of criminal takeover of the democratic process' : all these make a mockery of the description of the state by the Department of Tourism as the `Land of Ancient Wisdom'.
From the stifling atmospheres of Patna and Calcutta, the `yellow refulgence of sand', the `green and pleasant fields' of Orissa bring a welcome relief. Coastal Orissa, with its vast expanses, crisscrossing rivers, exquisite monuments and laid-back people, seem indifferent to the modern art of living. There is no fear of being humbugged here. If Mrs. Panda, the manageress of the hotel in Puri indulged in a bit of `smiling extortion', the blame could be squarely laid on her training in a business school in London.
In the land of Orissa, which always seems to be enjoying its siesta, the past has a formidable presence. Lewis takes us to the pageant of history, showing us temple ruins, old battle fields, rumbling chariots and ancient caves. Soon historical facts blend with fables and folklores. The mythology of the drowned-bride-turned-goddess Kalijai in Chilka brings to Lewis' memory similar legends he had gathered from as far afield as Uzbekistan, and Wales. Lewis concludes, `perhaps, in shadowy folk-memory are recorded the sorrows of pre-history.'
Besides folk-memory, Lewis relies heavily on the recorded accounts of foreign travellers of the past, such as South Asian Ibu Batuta (1334-36), Venetian Caesar Fredericke (1585), Portuguese Sebastian Manrique (1640) and Spanish Friar Navarvate (1670). Manrique must have felt heavenly bliss as, on landing in India, he took to the riverway leading to Bhubaneswar. The river, according to him, `was covered over by great, pleasant, shady trees, whose thick branches here and there interlaced so as to look like an artificial avenue. This was full of most beautiful peacocks, of green screaming parrots, pure shy doves, simple wood-loving pigeons ....' With this kind of a start, Manrique must not have prepared himself for the rude shock he was about to get. He and his travelling party were once arrested and thrown into goal for having made a sumptuous feast of their Hindu host's pet peacock. At the trial, the Mughal Governor agreed `to show leniency by punishing the perpetrator of the offence by no more than a whipping and the loss of his right hand'. The crisis prompted the crafty Manrique to try the infallible weapons : bribery and cajoling. He not only succeeded in mollifying the Governor `by the usual inducements on such occasions' but also secured the Governor's lady's intervention in the matter, by sending her `a sufficiently rich and pleasing gift.' Further inducements led to the prisoners' release their bodies intact.
The openness of the tribals, whom Lewis visits next, allows no such underhanded deals, even in the present times. Their optimism and joie de vivre make their presence quite refreshing. Spurred on by a tender curiosity and an empathetic heart, Lewis penetrates into the innermost sanctums of the tribal communities that inhabit Koraput hills. We get to know that despite their geographical proximity, these tribes live in distinct worlds, separated from each other by intricacies of beliefs and value systems. However all of them are equally intimidated by the threat from the non-tribals, who surround them. This anxiety is most apparent in case of the Kondhs, whom circumstances have forced to share a living space with the trading Domb community. Even within one tribal community, different sub-tribes emerge depending upon the degree of adoption of caste lifestyles. The Kondh tribe is thus sub-divided into the Dongrias, the Desias and the Kutias.
The Kutias, who live on the top of the hills and who are the least Sanskritised, have a `touch of controlled ferocity about them.' Lewis finds Ghotuls, the premarital dormitories, still existing among the Kondhs and he attributes the ritual promiscuity among Kondh women to their Ghotul experience.
Lewis is impressed by the `rugged independence' of the tribal woman, which stands out against the depressing background of the suffering, a caste woman is subjected to. The ritual of Sati, the methodical termination of female foetuses, the dowry deaths -- all these appear so outlandish in the pristine world of tribal women of Koraput.
Lewis has written a rich and entertaining book but he has occasionally allowed himself to be carried away by his subjects a bit too far, making a mess of actual names and factual details. The Sati girl Roop Kanwar for instance, becomes Marwari Rupkandar and Lord Jagannath, `the senior member of a family trio'. Barring these faux pas, Lewis greatly succeeds in weaving his sentiments about the Indian women -- the fallen goddesses -- into his lively sketch of the majestic land.
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In the big cities modernity has made a considerable impact, the further you get away from the city though the less modern the world seems, and in the mountain regions the tribes live much the same way they have for thousands of years.
Norman Lewis begins his journey in the city of Patna, which is in the Bihar region of central India. From there he begins to travel further and further away from the densely populated centers. In the rural lands of Bihar the age old caste system which keeps every person in their place selfishly allocating privilege and profit only to the upper castes has begun to meet with a significant challenge from the lower castes who have recently begun to violently assert themselves. Traditional government as well as the police force in this region and in many others is corrupt and people have taken the law into their own hands. Women , especially lower caste women, are especially vulnerable in these conditions and are treated like property or in some cases worse. In India a female child is less valued than a male child because female children must be married off in expensive wedding ceremonies and provided with dowries. Arranged marriage is still the rule in many places and atrocities committed against women, including infanticide, enslavement, and murder, are so often in the newspapers that they are treated like commonplace occurrences, the police rarely interefere or are simply bought off by the highest bidder. It is not surprising that given these dire realities Lewis heads for the hills and mountain regions of Orissa to search for the unspoilt tribes. Lewis takes Ranjan as a guide. Ranjan, a Brahmin, shares Lewis' interest in primitive peoples. Once in the mountains the modern world is only a bad memory, for there in the unspoilt forests are tribes living in harmony with nature and each other. Each tribe has distinct characteristics which enthuse both Lewis and Ranjan. One tribe permits promiscuity among teenagers who live together in dormitories, another forbids the wearing of clothes, but in virtually all of the tribes women are seen to be equals to the men. In fact in one tribe which traditionally marries off young men to older women it is the women who are in charge. Ranjan as Lewis has suspected all along is in love with a Sarjput girl that he met on a previous trip to the region. Their romance unfolds amid rituals and dances and celebrations. The joy and freedom of these tribal peoples is a sobering and sharp and welcome contrast to the violent strife ridden world left behind.
Lewis (and Ranjan) are excellent guides and the friendship of these two like minded individuals gives the book its personal charm.
There are 30 pages of some of the best art nouveau patterns I have ever seen. I've already used one of the patterns to create a needlepoint pattern, and I plan on using many more. Even better than I anticipated!
The Dutch decribed the control they had established over a maritime empire consisting of more than 16,000 island as stretching 'from Medan to Merauke', and it is this itinerary that Lewis follows.
As usual he tries to stay away as far as possible from the beaten track. No Borobudur, Bali or Lake Toba here, instead the author and his companions decide to explore the northern tip of Sumatra, venturing into the troublesome Aceh province. The staunch Muslims of Indonesia's northern-most region are strongly independent. Even after decades of incessant warfare the Dutch had been unable to completely subjugate these Malay warriors. After independence the nationalist, Javanese-dominated government in Jakarta failed likewise.
Lewis then takes us to East-Timor, ravaged by the Indonesian military after the Portuguese withdrawal in 1975. Although political developments since Lewis' visits have changed the outlook of East-Timor dramatically, his account provides an interesting insight into the political situation of the territory just before the collapse of the Suharto-regime and subsequent granting of autonomy to East-Timor.
Finally the author visits the interior of Irian Jaya, the Indonesian-controlled half of New Guinea. A disconcerting portrayal of a traditional society on the verge of collapse is followed by a worrying report on the onslaught of greedy mining companies; Lewis makes us witnesses to an ecological disaster in the making.
'An Empire of the East' does not reach the level of his earlier books 'A Dragon Apparent' and 'Golden Earth' about French Indochina and Burma respectively. Written in the 1950s these two giants of 20th century travel literature established Norman Lewis as one of the greatest travel writers. Nevertheless, he has again been successful in presenting a cocktail based on his well-tried recipe: combining his highly original depictions of natural scenery with insightful portraits of the people he meets, and - above all - his penchant for unusual situations.
Blessed with an exceptional ability for observation, Norman Lewis established his reputation first and foremost as a travel writer. Literary giants such as Graham Greene called him one of the best in the trade. In 'A Suitable Case for Corruption' he has applied the same talent to fiction. giving a masterful description of a man's downfall amidst the decadence of expatriate life in a sinister North-African country.
If you like the atmosphere of 'Casablanca' and enjoy reading Le Carré, then this is a book for you.
Furthermore, believe it or not: it is not a bad cram book if you have less than 3 months to study for SAT or GRE! I find vocabulary builders (such as this title) much better study tools for SAT or GRE than conventional exam preparation guides like Princeton Review or Barron's - at least for the verbal section.