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I don't often read short stories; they don't give me enough time to get to know the author's style. These short stories are are different. They pulled me in and I couldn't get enough. I highly recommend this one!
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Has Life Any Meaning? - Between Frank Harris and Percy Ward, Sunday, April 11, 1920, Kimball Hall, Chicago
Debate on Spiritualism - Between Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Joseph McCabe, November, 1919, London, England
Is Evolution True? - Between George McCready Price and Joseph McCabe, Queen's Hall, Langham Place, London, September
Though the publishers at a casual glance (of their published books) seem biased towards a particular atheistic/materialistic point of view, they none the less reproduced a fair example of high class debates between learned men of both pro and anti-views on these subjects.
One particularly interesting aspect of this book was exactly what was used as evidence for both anti and pro views at that time. As an example, pro-evolutionist Joseph McCabe said the following:
"Now I come to man. There is a general opinion that a vast gulf separates man from the ape. It did one hundred yeas ago. It certainly does not today... Now we have men of the Stone Age carrying us nearer to the ape; the Piltdown man, and one or two others, going as far again in the direction of the ape"
Of course, as most people are aware, and as the publishers themselves noted, Piltdown man was a fraud and was uncovered as such in 1953. But being "undeniable" at the time, it was still a piece of evidence for Evolution.
Being a collector of books on the subjects of the origin and divisification of life and the existence of the supernatural, I was very pleased with this book and the disputants themselves. While the evidences used are outdated, it has quite a bit of historical value, whether one is interested in the discussions or the men debating. I personally highly recommend it, and believe it would make a good addition to any personal book collection.
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The book is divided into three parts: 1. Literature review & background research 2. Description of a staff training course, including background and rationale 3. Information for those developing their own course and/ or preparing to act as trainers
In their introduction the authors clearly state their starting-point in suggesting that violence in institutions is in large part a product of the ways staff customarily deal with patients. Staff members may unwittingly provoke escalation and assaults. Therefore meaningful changes in the behaviour of patients might best be accomplished by modifying staff behaviour.
The book therefore mainly deals with changing behaviour, more so than with understanding behaviour.
The first part of the book which aims at understanding institutional violence is itself divided into three: a review of the literature, results of two (previously published) background studies and a selection of violent incidents which are described and commented on.
The review of the literature leads to the conclusion that institutions with a high level of violence have the following characteristics: - rapid turnover of large numbers of young individuals with histories of institutional aggression - many individuals with backgrounds of poor community adjustment - staff who are generally inexperienced and approach residents in an authoritarian manner while attempting to maintain control through the exclusive use of aversive or punitive consequences - an environment in which residents have fairly unrestricted and unsupervised access to each other in a crowded area with little structured activity, and in which assaultive behavior is excused and staff impose no cost for its occurrence. Many large correctional and psychiatric facilities or institutions for the mentally retarded have many or all of these characteristics.
Most literature is realting to violence in institutions is atheoretical in nature: violence is seen as a problem to be eliminated. Research on the effectiveness of strategies used to eliminate violence is therefore relevant as well. The authors provide a useful overview concerning the effectiveness of strategies used to prevent or stop violence. The conclusion must be that little is known about the effects of most of the strategies. The attempts to reduce institutional aggression include: - drug treatment, which meets with many difficulties while there is a lack of insight on what causes the effectiveness of certain drugs; - seclusion and mechanical restraint - behavioral treatments consisting of either suppressing aggressive behaviour immediately or teaching prosocial skills The authors synthesis points to a mixed strategy consisting of careful management of contingencies, cautious application of drug treatment, practices that reduce crowding and increase the stability of the social environment and increase of structured activities for residents. In line with their starting point, the authors find support for their idea that significant reductions in institutional violence could be achieved by a staff training programme aimed at teaching: - nonrestrictive, nonauthoritarian and nonprovocatiove ways of interacting with residents; - behavioural cues and situational characteristics associated with assaultiveness; - effective verbal strategies for use with highly upset individuals. The first of the two long-term studies discussed by the authors seems to indicate that frustration and anger arousal are important instigating components to the aggression of psychiatric patients. The second study on staff injuries indicates that restraint situations where staff physically control patients are more dangerous than assault situations.
So the authors see more than enough reason to present their staff training course as a useful means to prevent and control violence. Not surprisingly the course builds in many ways upon courses used by the police. The police is faced by similar problems in dealing with violence and has long ago found out that violence is the result of an interaction and rarely erupts without warning. In this light it is also enlightening to have knowledge of studies - also referred to in the book - where "normal" people are secretly admitted to psychiatric hospitals or are assigned a role of "guard" or "inmate" in a prison.
In general, VIOLENCE IN INSTITUTIONS is a highly readable book with an approach that for many professionals will be a fresh one. To professionals involved in instutions it can be useful. From a scientific point of view, possibilities for future research become visible. More systematic data are needed and more attention for a theoretical inbedding of different strategies used. In this respect sex-differences are interesting as well: in institutions (as in the real world), males (both male patients and male staff) are more likely to use violence. Almost completely lacking is attention for possible functions of violence. Although there is some space in the book devoted to the follow-up of violent incidents, in the form of negotiations and conflict resolution, more attention for processes of social repair and reconciliation seems in order.
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In the first book, George's inquiring mind is responsible for his capture in Africa, and his trouble while staying with the man in the yellow hat. George watches the man pick up the phone, dial a few numbers, and talk to someone on the other end. Naturally, as soon as the man leaves George alone (big mistake), George decides to go dialing on his own. He calls the fire department, and they send over an engine and a squad of firefighters. They are none too pleased to discover it's a false alarm, and drag George off to jail. He escapes and has a few more adventures before the man with the yellow hat catches up with him. Then it's off to the zoo for George, until the next book anyway.
I'm convinced my three-year-old kid with the yellow hair is George's soulmate. He's dialed the fire department , too (although he had the benefit of speed dial), and we can't turn our back on him for a second or he gets into all kinds of trouble. No wonder George is one of his favorites!
I loved Curious George as a child, and I am happy that my children love them as much as I do. If any book in the 4-8 age bracket deserves 5 stars it is Curious George.
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