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He is a prisoner in Switzerland (a country "so clean one can hardly breathe for hygiene") and the Swiss officers who arrest him are convinced he is a certain Anatol Stiller, who disappeared six years ago, leaving behind a wife, a mistress, a moderately successful career and a few minor political scandals. But he insists he is Jim White, an American with a past that includes Mexican peasants, Texas cowboys, the docks and back alleys of Northern California, and three murders, as yet untraced.
Murders are committed, as it turns out, but as Stiller is brought face to face with the woman who says she is his wife and with the prosecutor who says Stiller has had an affair with his wife, it becomes clear that the murders in question are emotional, metaphorical and discreetly bourgeois. What binds Stiller and his strong-willed but long-suffering wife, Julika? A vacuum: the fact that they have never felt happy together or complete apart. What sets his dream of being another man in motion? A failure of nerve while fighting the Fascists in the Spanish Civil War. And his homeland, economically secure, politically neutral Switzerland is "incapable of suffering in any way over a spiritual compromise," he says.
Mr. Frisch is not really a novelist of ideas; he's a dramatist of ideas. We live out our ideas through our daily lives, after all, and he grasps every nuance of those daily habits and compulsions. It is the tension between these details and the larger ambitions -- so grandly imagined, so absurdly lived out -- that makes the novel work.
There are other existential questions the story deals with: trust, for example, or self-expectation, or the question of guilt in human relations. For those of you who are more interested in psychological highlights than in philosophical issues: the book contains superb descriptions of the Swiss mentality and the American style of life, of men and women and their differences, of architects and prison warders and so on. Max Frisch is a very clear-sighted, accurate observer, and even when he is describing in every detail the scenery of a deserted building site on Sunday, it's not boring for a second! The only thing I wonder is if the book is perhaps too European for a Non-European reader. But find out by yourself!
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The sketchbook is essentially made out of the following parts: 1. newspaper cutouts or TV / radio talks, sometimes commented by the author 2. sketches for short stories 3. his impressions mainly from several voyages (to the USA, the USSR and Japan), but also from his home country, Switzerland, all including political reflections 4. questionnaires (about death, women, children, property...) that are very useful if you want to think a bit about yourself.
Frisch's sketchbooks are a must-have if you want to analyse his work as a novelist and playwriter, but they are also a good purchase just to make yourself think a bit.
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That is the starting point of this breathtaking pseudo novel. And here I am not trying to debase the book by using the word pseudo: it is just that I have the sensation that Frisch has been writing down notes aimed at something else that is supposed to be a novel. He's got the man; he's got the experiences; now he must build the story. And with this purpose, he explores every feasible event that may occur to the character.
He proposes for example: "Let's say my name is Gantenbein." and goes on, "Let's pretend I am blind". And he deals with all the possible consequences that may be derived from his assumption. What does it entail to fake blindness in the realm of everyday life, love, and friendship? Is there any room for jealousy when blindness prevents us from seeing the evidence? Now let's call the man Enderlin, let's suppose he's about to die, and let's give him a lover. And let's his lover be Gantenbein's wife. Furthermore, let's Gantenbein even be Enderlin; assume his wife is an actress, and allow her cheating blind-faked Gantenbein, and so on.
The result is a beautiful mosaic of characters that makes up the draft for the two main characters, Gantenbein and Lila, just a man and a woman, a modern couple. And of course, there is also "the situation", plotted in all imaginable ways, which may make the reader recognize him or herself sooner or later along the book.
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He seeks reassurance by testing his cognitive functions; he still knows some basic geometry, some history, some geology - things an educated man should know. Eager to nail down the fragments of his mental armature, he copies entries from the encyclopedia and tacks the paper slips to the wall. When this proves too burdensome, he simply cuts out whole paragraphs and tapes them up in his "gallery". By analysis and classification, by naming and describing things and fitting them into systems, he tries to impose order on chaos. But disorder keeps intruding: cobwebs irritate him, and he nearly wrecks the staircase trying to get rid of them. The appearance of a spotted salamander in the bathroom upsets him, triggering visions of dinosaurs and retrogressive metamorphosis. Reading passages of the Bible provides no comfort: Geiser does not believe in the Flood. He is a skeptic, a child of the enlightened 20th century.
The anguish and frustration he feels is palpable, although the language is unemotional, almost impersonal. Geological processes serve as metaphors for crumbling and slipping mental functions: erosion, landslide, flooding, blockage, bypass, rockfalls, heaps of debris. There is a touch of gallows humor in Geiser's futile attempts to put his house in order and to conceal or rationalize his mishaps. His long-term memory is admirably intact; he remembers every detail of a mountain climb 50 years ago, of a sandstorm near Baghdad, of a visit to the primordial landscape of Iceland. Finally, he makes a gallant and desperate attempt to escape over a steep mountain pass to Italy. But when he is in sight of his goal, after a harrowing climb through fog and rain, he decides to return to his house in the valley. The knowledge that " he could have done it" gives him great satisfaction.
He suffers a stroke and is found by his daughter, who opens a window and lets in a gust of air, scattering the paper slips. Seeing his precious "gallery" in a confused and useless heap on the floor, Geiser wonders if any of this stuff was worth knowing: "Nature needs no names". Naming things is not synonymous with understanding them or with having dominion over them. Geiser is content to let go. The village stands unharmed, "wooded as in the stone age", and man is a latecomer of fragile existence, who tends to do irrational things and needs constant reassurances.
Frisch tells this story in spare, unadorned prose. It is simple and profound, disturbing and oddly comforting.
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"Biedermann und die Brandstifer" translates as Biedermann and the Arsonists, more or less. It's the story of a stupid, rich company owner named Biedermann, who lives with his wife and a maid. He is worried about arsonists, but when a large, strange man appears at his door, and both terrifies and flatters him, he lets him stay, though the man seems suspiciously like an arsonist.
This continues; soon more people are staying at the Biedermanns' house. The police come to investigate, but Biedermann turns them away. He's afraid the police won't just arrest the arsonists, but will also arrest him, because he became rich using another man's formula. So he is complicit, and pretends the arsonists aren't really arsonists. He hopes if he flatters and feeds them, they'll leave without burning his house.
There are three arsonists: a common man, a man from the upper middle class, and an intellectual, who later distances himself from the others. He wanted to burn things to make way for a better world, but they burn things simply because they like fire and sirens. The play is sort of an allegory about the rise of the Nazi Party. It's called "A Lehrstueck Ohne Lehre," or a teaching play without a lesson, because it says people never learn. Biedermann reads about arsonists in the newspaper, but doesn't learn how to keep them away from his house. People learn about the rise of hideous political parties, but then let others rise in their place.
But that all sounds depressing, and really the play is very funny. It uses a lot of techniques invented by Berthold Brecht, to keep you from emotionally identifying with the action on stage; you're supposed to think, instead. The characters talk directly to the audience, and there's a Greek chorus dressed as firemen. It's serious, but you don't notice that so much at first, because it's funny. I recommend this play very much, and would love to see it performed.
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