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Why the stupendous claim? Edwards was one of the greatest minds ever given to the Christian Church, and he had an amazing way of seeing life, through the lenses of Scripture, and understanding, like a photo-negative, what hell must be like. Hell, like the beauties of Heaven, is unable to be expressed in human language, and therefore, it can only be "seen" through the use of symbolic language. The horror of hell can not be uttered: if a man were to see hell, he could not live. Like Paul in the vision of Heaven, there are no faculties within natural man to express what he experienced. Edwards finds a way to help.
When you read Edwards on Heaven, you feel almost "other-worldly", ("how long have I been sitting here reading this??), and when you read Edwards on Hell, the holy dread that fills your mind and emotions is overwhelming, as well as life-changing. Dr. Gerstner goes for the Truth, which he unashamedly owns, and has a true gift of representing Edwards' sight to anyone who cares to see. Gerstner does not write with "one eye on impressing the scholar", but with a deep care for the reader, almost pleading with us: "Hear Edwards! If you hear him, you will hear Paul, and therefore, you will HEAR CHRIST!".
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The summary of the book for those versed in virtue ethics is that Jonathan Edwards comes out as an agape-virtue ethicist. He thinks of the highest virtue of love ("The General nature of true virtue is love", p.85), which he does not name as agape, but that he does describe as unconditional love towards God, and then proceeding from this virtue, the true virtue of love of neighbor.
It's a rather difficult read, and unlike a lot of sermons which have a flow in argument or repeat their points over and over, and wrap up with a conclusion, Edwards more makes multiple stabs at various points.
Virtue, to Edwards, is the beauty of the quality and exercises of the heart, or those actions which proceed from them (p.2), and true virtue most essentially consists in benevolence to being in general (p.3). Thus, virtue most essentially consists in love (that is to say, that true virtue should inspire acts of love, but acts of love may not be representative of true nature), and true beauty is also the individual's harmony to the universe. There is also a distinction between love of complacence (almost similar to 'eros'), which presupposes beauty, and love of benevolence (specifically looking at God's love, which is not limited to things we consider beautiful). Thus, God's love is uncondition, which is linked to His character, exemplifying true virtue. Also, true virtue is not related to love of gratitude or reciprocity.
Agape love is also explained here, as the 'highest good of the object of love,' 'the highest good of all over the good of one,' and 'opposition of evil'. A number of these are further expounded in chapter 1.
"True virtue must chiefly consist in love to God," Jonathan Edwards declares (p.14). And the secondary ground of love is moral excellency. Edwards also links that the love of God supremely is causal (and linked) with loving others, loving one's neighbor. But true goodness is tied into the purpose of glorifying God (p.25). And then morality must be God-focused and then subordinately benevolent (p. 26)
Chapter 3, Edwards talks about primary beauties, such as benevolence, and virtues (or beauties) of justice, wisdom, and secondary beauties such as regularity, order, symmetry, proportion, harmony, etc., as external beauty reflects true spiritual beauty.
It should be noted that Edwards has a few anachronistic terms, such as "self-love" -- which is not narcissism, but it is "love for our own happiness" (p.44) or "love to himself with respect to his private interest" (p.45). Self-love causes us to love those who either help us or promote our interests, and Edwards argues that this could develop a moral sense (of good/bad) (p. 51).
One of Edward's strongest assumptions is that of original sin, that man is not capable of true virtue (i.e., loving God, and thus others) because of original sin, and that anger is not a good illustrator of virtue due to this original sin (depravity of man). He also describes this "true negative moral goodness" (p.91) in all men which also mistake things for true virtue, as well as desire wickedness or do wickedness, or have moral insensibility, or stupidity of conscience. He goes on to say that "all sin has its source from selfishness, or self-love not subordinate to a regard to being in general" (p.92) -- primarily resulting in resentment from God.
Yet, genuine virtues restrain the advance of sin (namely pride and sensuality, p.96).
Wainwright argues that one explanation of this is that one's heart is not suited to see the *force* of the arguments one way or the other. Typically, most philosophers have thought that our knowledge of God is either by reason alone, or knowing God is a "heart" knowledge (something contrasted to reason). Wainwright offers a third alternative - which I for one am in full agreement with. In explicating this third alternative - that "reason is capable of knowing God one the basis of evidence - but only when when's cognitive faculties are rightly disposed," - Wainwright considers the work of the Puritan philosophical theologian, Jonathan Edwards, Cardinal John Henry Newman (particularly from The Grammar of Assent), and William James. However, Wainwright's interpretation of James is unique in that most take a different interpretation.
Lastly, Wainwright considers three objections to this view (a passional theory of knowledge); they are subjectivism, the problem of (vicious) circularity, and cognitive-relativism. The third appears to be the most problematic; however, the are ways of dealing with the matter depending on one's underlying metaphysics.
Theists and nontheists alike should be concerned about passional-reason. If one does not have any account of why disputes appear on basic issues (i.e. determinism or indeterminism), then one's acceptance of a position may appear arbitrary to oneself and to others. One small problem is that it seems, to me at least, that Wainwright's arguments for his view are deeply theistic. It would be interesting to see someone like William Rowe write an indepth discussion about this (perhaps he has?). In any case, this is a fantastic book because it emphasizes the need for an account of when and what role passions *should* play in our reasoning. How such an account would go is only hinted at; but this book does a nice job pointing out that we need one.