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Its authors caveat is that "science can only operate as a work in progress without perfect knowledge, and we much therefore leave a great deal out from ignorance --- especially in a historical field like paleontology, where we must work with the strictly limited evidence of a very imperfect fossil record." It's that fossil record, that the book presumes is accurate in its layer-by-layer record through time, that requires scrutiny. The oldest fossils are found in the bottom layers and the youngest in the top layers of rock, but little or no evidence is presented to provide skeptical readers information they can decipher for themselves as to the accuracy of fossil dating by rock layers. Are we to believe, without exception, that the fossil record is progressive from bottom to top? What about fossilized trees that protrude through millions of years of time? They are conveniently omitted. Michael Benton of England's Bristol University, one of the book's contributors, says "All the periods in the geological time scale receive their names in recognition of obvious changes in the fossil record." Yet, to the contrary, Benton adds, "the history of Earth's crust has been far too violent to preserve much more than a random sample."
Its general editor, Stephen Jay Gould, is magnanimous in his promotion of a single theory of man's origins, from monkeys he and most other fossil hunters say.
There may be missing pieces to the paleontological puzzle, but the bone diggers cliam they have finally filled in the evolutional blanks and can conclusively attest to the idea that life evolved from simpler single-celled organisms into modern man. The book's most ardent opponents are taken head on by Gould: "The lack of fossil intermediates had often been cited by creationists as a supposedly prime example for their contention that intermediate forms not only haven't been found in the fossil record but can even be conceived." But Gould holds a trump card. He says: "a lovely series of intermediary steps have now been found in rocks.... in Pakistan. This elegant series, giving lie to the creationist claims, includes the almost perfectly intermediate Ambulocetus (literally, the walking whale), a form with substantial rear legs to complement the front legs already known from many fossil whales, and clearly well adapted both for swimming and for adequate, if limited, movement on land." Oddly, the book never shows a drawing of Ambulocetus, but does have an illustration of a skeleton of a 400-million year old fish with a small underside fin bone the authors claim "must have evolved" into legs in four-legged animals. Man's imagination is not found wanting here. Out of millions of fossils collected and stored in museums, is Ambulocetus the main piece of evidence for evolutionary theory?
Richard Benton says that Charles Darwin had hoped the fossil record would eventually confirm his theory of evolution, but "this has not happened," says Benton. Darwin hoped newly-discovered fossils would connect the dots into a clear evolutionary pattern. The book attempts to do that with its fictional drawings of apes evolving into pre-humans (hominids) and then modern man. Yet the book is not without contradictions. It says: "It remains uncertain whether chimpanzees are more closely related to modern humans or to the gorilla."
The horse is shown as evolving from a small, four-toed to a large one-toed animal over millions of years. There are different varieties of horses, yet there is no evidence that a horse ever evolved from another lower form of animal, nor that horses evolved into any other form of animal.
Another evolutionary puzzle that goes unexplained in the book is the pollination of flowers. How did bees and flowers arrive simultaneously in nature? What directed the appearance of one separate kingdom of life (insects) with that of another?
The book describes 6 1/2-foot millipedes and dragonflies with the wing span of a seagull, but gives no explanation for them. Life was unusual in the past and not all forms fit evolutionary patterns. Consider the popular supposition that life evolved from the sea onto land. That would make more advanced forms of intelligence land bearing. But the aquatic dolphins defy that model, since they are among the smartest mammals.
The book maintains an "out of Africa" scenario for the geographical origins of man, but recent fossil finds in Australia challenge that theory and even the book's authors admit that "a single new skull in an unexpected time or place could still rewrite the primate story." Consider Java man (Homo erectus), once considered the "missing link" and dated at 1.8 million years old. Modern dating methods now estimate Java man to be no more than 50,000 years of age, a fact that was omitted from this text.
Creativity, invention and language are brought out as unique human characteristics. Yet the true uniqueness of man is not emphasized. Humans biologically stand apart from animals in so many ways. Humans can be tickled whereas animals cannot. Humans shed emotional tears, animals do not. The book does not dare venture beyond structure and function, beyond cells and DNA, to ask the question posed by philosophers --- does man have a soul? The Bible speaks of a soul 533 times, this "book of life," not once.
Gould's temple is science. He calls the scientific method "that infallible guide to empirical truth." Science works by elimination. It can only work from experiment to experiment, eliminating what is not true. It can say what is probable, it can never say what is true. Gould appears to begrudge the shackles of science by stepping outside its boundaries in overstating what it can accomplish. Whereas creationists await the day they will stand in judgment before God, for the evolutionists Gould says "Someday, perhaps, we shall me our ancestors face to face." Imagine, standing there looking at a man-like monkey skeleton.
One cannot fault the flaws in this book. After all, it was written by highly evolved apes.
And please don't buy some creationists' claims that this is science fiction. The contents of this book is based on material from thousands of scientific articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals such as "Nature" and "Science", representing the fruits of the hard labour of paleontologists from all over the world. And the fossil record, even if it is convincing in itself, is far from the only support for evolution. Independent evidence for evolution can also be found in biogeography, development, molecular analyses (gene DNA, junk DNA, mtDNA etc), anatomical analyses, and even field observations of new species evolving. This large amount of evidence is why evolution is considered an established and undisputable fact. Of course, if one rather than facts wants comic book fantasies such as humans coexisting with dinosaurs and evil scientists conspiring to hide the truth, then one should look for creationist books instead. Or comic books.
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There are a number of books on Capone and the Chicago mob. This book takes a look at an overlooked beer baron from that time period, Roger Touhy. It is a very worthwhile read and one that will hold your interest.
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It is, of course, intelligent comedy, with episodes involving such activities as squirting bug spray not only in the captain's eyes, but throughout his entire state room as well. And you'll never forget the story of the horse (if you can read it through the Norwiegian accent), or the captain's elephant.
My advice is, buy it. Or better yet, buy two copies (one for home and one for the office).
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But why, more specifically, should you buy and rely on the Blue Guide? I would suggest the following reasons.
1. Armed with this guide, you won't miss anything of significance at any place you visit. When you visit the Museum at Olympia, you'll know to look out for the helmet that the Athenian general Miltiades wore at the Battle of Marathon and later dedicated at the Temple of Zeus. You'll know to look out for the clay cup found in the ruins of the sculptor Pheidias's workshop, which is inscribed with his name on the bottom. If you want to find the site of the cobbler Simon's shop in the Athenian agora, where Socrates is said to have spent much of his time hanging out, this guide will get you there. It'll tell you the spot on the road between Delphi and Thebes where Oedipus is believed to have murdered his father. If you go to see the Menelaion near Sparta, the Blue Guide will alert you that at the back of the hill on which it stands are the rooms and corridors of a little-known Mycenaean palace that may once have been the home of Helen of Troy (assuming she was actually a historical person). And when you visit the fortress at Methone, it'll tell you the tragic story that lies behind the little islet with the lighthouse at the very end of the cape.
One side benefit of having this book is that you can save on hiring local guides when you visit places like the Agora in Athens. If you've got this guide, you'll know more than they will.
2. Another good reason to buy this guide is that it'll save you from getting lost. There are no fewer than 70-plus (count 'em) city plans and archaeological site plans in this volume. Inner Athens is covered in a very comprehensive series of maps -- you should even be able to get through the maze-like warren of the Plaka with the Blue Guide. And the route system used in the guide comprehensively explains how to get to every point of interest, even when a detour off the main route is called for. In particular, if you've got any interest in visiting fascinating but somewhat obscure sites like the Menelaion near Sparta, this book is a must.
By the way, this guide is also quite good on scenic wonders and tracks into the wilderness. It's not just for marble ruin nuts.
3. Don't know much about Greek history? Or art? Or architecture? This is the volume for you -- as long as you really want to learn. The section of introductory essays on these topics are wonderfully comprehensive.
4. Personally, I love the way the Blue Guide is written with this marvelously restrained British narrative voice. It makes it all the more fun when the authors actually break out of character, take you by the shoulders, and say 'don't miss this' -- as when they advise that "The view at sunrise [from the summit of Mount Parnassus], before the mists gather, exceeds in grandeur and interest almost every other prospect in the world."
Is there any reason you might not want to buy the Blue Guide? Well, you should be aware of the following.
A. This guide isn't for people who only want to travel with a single guidebook. It doesn't cover hotels, restaurants, shopping, or nightclubs. So you'll need to pair this guide with another, more standard one that addresses those more functional concerns.
B. It doesn't include Crete. The Crete chapter ultimately grew so big that it was hived off into a separate Blue Guide all its own.
C. This guide isn't for the "once over lightly" tourist. If that's where you're coming from, you won't need this book. This book is for the traveler who likes to be challenged and have their horizons broadened, who is willing to come back from a trip fired up with ideas for further reading.