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Wolf considerably underestimated the extent to which women's work outside the house was (and is) important to to the economic well-being of their families and to financing family enterprises. As Diamong complained, "there is little feel for how adult women view themselves and their lives, how they interact with the males in their lives, and how completely they accept the male evaluation of them as economically useless and ritually polluting." Taiwanese scholars have challenged the Western conception of female "pollution" in the work of Wolf, Emily [Martin] Ahern, and others.
The specificity of Wolf's _House of Lim_, although it probably depends on unnamed Taiwanese research "assistants" eliciting and translating the data, makes it the most useful of her books.
To make her point, Wolf describes the socialization of female children in the natal family from birth through young womanhood and within the marital family from engagement and marriage to the time they take over the domestic duties of the mothers-in-law. Kingroups and various women's social groups are juxtaposed against village locales. The close relationship between a mother and her sons is compared to the harsher treatment of daughters. Also depicted is entrance into the women's community and the ways the women's community can apply pressure through gossip and loss of face. She also explains non-normative situations: the simpua child, uxorilocal marriages, prostitution. These show examples of women on the outside of the traditional family roles. Adopting a wife for a son as an economic savings and to eliminate stress by training the daughter-in-law, and the difficulties of marrying a brother. Husbands who take their wives family name to provide sons for the lineage, and the stresses of the uxorilocal marriage. Prostitution as a lucrative alternative for some families.
Wolf has clearly demonstrated a different dynamic employed by women which overlays the traditional male power structure of the Confucian family, within which women create for themselves a position of security and limited control over their lives and their children's lives and can thus make bearable and even improve family life within the limits of the patriarchal patrilineal society of rural Taiwan.
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Wolf's ignorance extends beyond ignorance of the language her subjects spoke (Holo/Hokkien) to ignorance about basic anthropological conceptions (terms of address in contrast to terms used in reference to a person, spirit mediums in contrast to shamans). There are no shamans in Taiwan. There are spirit mediums. Previous literature documented that some Taiwanese spirit mediums were female.
Wolf did not gather any data on Taiwanese criteria for recognizing true spirit possession, but even her inadequate 30-year-old fieldnotes provide ample material contradicting the "conclusions" (actually, a priori beliefs about female victimization) she presented.Instead of criticizing postmodernists, a better tactic, given her failures of scholarship and ethnography, would be to embrace it and abandon empirical claims altogether.
I found myself put off a bit by what I perceived to be a steady note of defensiveness throughout the book, a tone that felt partly assertive and partly self-justificatory, even in those places where the author emphasized that feminist writers of social science need not accept the academic standards of their male colleagues and critics. "We don't need no stinking postmodern graybearded men," it seemed to say in different ways. At times the sarcasm directed at these critics was quite open, and it distracted me from the excellent content of the author's arguments.
I would ask male readers of this book, which I recommend for its fine critiques of the postmodern anthropological tendency to condemn all field research as oppressive colonialism, to bear in mind its context: namely, thousands of years of patriarchy which we've yet to see any end to, particularly in academia. And to reflect that we can't dismiss such books as mere axe-grinding, political or otherwise, because while entirely personal bitterness ought to be dealt with personally, this sort affects half of us directly and the other half through collective complicity. If anything, these axes need to be even sharper.
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