There was a Revolutionary War sailor who was captured by the British and was offered British citizenship instead of being a prisoner. He insisted he was a loyal American. He went on, as if in a Horatio Alger story, to become a successful Philadelphia businessman, but he was nonetheless encouraged, because of his heroic service in the war, to apply for the pension that he deserved from the country he had helped make. He replied that he did not want money from his country. He wanted only one thing from America, and if any American deserved it, he surely did. What James Forten wanted was to become an American citizen, and he never in his long life got his wish. The simple reason was that he was black. Forten has largely been forgotten, which is too bad, since as a war hero, businessman, and abolitionist, he played commendable roles which one doesn't have to be of any particular race to admire. He is now rescued from obscurity by a large, detailed, and well-researched biography, _A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten_ (Oxford University Press) by Julie Winch. Winch has dug deep inside such ephemera as the social history of Philadelphia, the economic forces of the time, and even the trade of sailmaking by which Forten made his living, to give the first complete picture of one of the first outstanding black Americans.

After his service in the war, Forten was apprenticed by the white, slave-owning sailmaker who had employed his father. He did so well that upon retirement, the owner left him the business. He branched out into real estate and money-lending. As a successful businessman, he became a civic leader, helping to administer his church and assisting in creating schools for black youth. He administered a mixed-race workforce, with some black managers supervising white workers. He could not vote, but he had no compunction about telling his workers how they were to vote and making sure they did so. He knew that he had an easier life in Philadelphia than he would in other parts of the nation, but he endured the contempt of many white people, a contempt that cycled inversely with prosperity; when times got tough, it was easy to blame blacks for taking jobs. Such blame could easily take the form of violence against the person or the property of blacks. There was a kidnapping ring that could spirit black children to Delaware and ship them into slavery in the south. Forten served in the American Anti-Slavery Society and lent his considerable finances and managerial skill to various abolitionist causes. He lent Garrison the money by which the famous abolitionist paper _The Liberator_ was begun. He wrote for the paper. He campaigned against the use of alcohol. He had a lifetime fight against blacks and whites who were pushing to move black people back to Africa, for he wanted America to be a nation without regard to color. He was not without controversy, even among blacks, but when he died in 1842, thousands of black and white mourners turned out to the funeral of an American original. Winch's biography, hefty and academic but not ponderous, brings that original back to us in his proper place in history.

I read the original book by Clyprian Clamorgan published in 1858. I am sure this edition will be equally as good. The author takes you on an interesting and humorous journey through the black community of " the colored aristocracy " in St.Louis during the middle of the 19th century. The book provides sketches of the members of "the colored aristocracy" who move in the same circles, who by education,wealth, or ability form an elite of the race....... Good and informative reading.

As a local historian compiling data on free people of color, I found Ms. Winch's book to be outstanding. Her research into the backgrounds of the elite helped me track emigrants from Norfolk, Virginia to St. Louis.