A long-running debate in the study of 20th Century African history has been whether there really was any substantive difference between French "direct" rule and British "indirect" rule in the colonial era. Miles gives us a new perspective by focusing on the contemporary differences between two neighboring Hausa-speaking communities -- one in Niger (formerly a French Colony) and one in Nigeria (formerly under British rule). By examining not only conteporary conditions but also the memories of the respective inhabitants, Mile's careful study provides scholars and interested readers with an insightful perspective into the impact of the past on the present. Well-written accessible, and smart.