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Lasch shows us that it's much more complicated than that: that our obsession with survival, our lack of faith in language to communicate commonalities (and its exploitation not just by the media but by activists trying to counter the media's insidious influence), and our confusion about how to structure, or de-structure (destroy) our lives leads us back to Freud, back to humility, and back to separation, away from narcissistic fantasies of either merger or omnipotence.
In brilliant, thoughtful, complex prose, Lasch argues for an enlightened dependence, a reliance on the cultural sphere to give meaning to our inner drives and our recognition of the objective outside world, and thoughtfulness and sobriety in place of infantilism and fantasy. Lasch argues for mature play, and his is a convincing argument.
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This book is a must read for anyone who believes that our country is slowly becoming unhinged.
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Hofstadter's book neatly transcends this problem. It is most definitely revisionist. Each chapter examines a different American political leader, with a great deal of in-depth detail and criticism. However, Hofstadter escapes the political trap of mentioning only the negative or only the positive points about his subjects. Both sides are always examined in detail.
This evenhandedness results in a very interesting and useful text. Rather than heroes and villains, our past politicians come across as human beings, and very interesting ones at that.
A choice history text, both detailed and objective.
His subjects include the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Wendall Phillips, William Jennings Byran, Theodroe Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt. He starts off with the founding fathers whose maxim was expressed in the words of John Jay:"the people who own the country ought to govern it," this refering, of course, to the wealthy minority which wrote the constitution in the first place. He shows that in large part throughout its history the factional battles in the country have been waged between two factions of poweful or at least relatively powerful interests: financiers and manufacturers against small farmers, small banks against big banks, Northern manufacturers and financiers against Southern feudal lords. The general population, though Hofstadter does not say this explicity, seem to have been largely bystanders. In his message to congress of December 1888, Grover Cleveland noted that:
We find the wealth and luxuries of our cities mingled with poverty and wretchedness and unremunerative toil. A crowded and constantly increasing urban population suggests the impoverishment of rural sections, and discontent with agricultural pursuits.... We discover that the fortunes realized by our manufacturers....result from the discriminating favor of the government and largely built upon unde exactions from the masses of our people. The gulf between employers and the employed is constantly widening, and classes are rapidly forming, one comprising the very rich and powerful, while in another are found the toiling poor.
He examines the rise of politicians co-opting radical forces and their ideas. William Jennings Bryan ran for election for president in 1896 as the country was trying to climb out of a severe recession and made almost the sole basis of his campaign "free silver" whereby the money supply could be increased by the coinage of silver along with gold and supposedly help the suffering farmers, which, of course, earned him much subsidy from the Western silver interests. He ignored the full advocacy of workers rights and the many ways which farmers were exploited by the railroads, middleman, tarrifs, etc. which had earned the Populist party a million votes for president in 1892. Theodore Roosevlt, while declaring in 1886 that he would like to get his cowboys together to go shoot down the Haymarket protestors, tried to maintain the status quo capitalism by increasing regulation of big business to save it from its own stupidity and greed and enacted some laws and engaged in some meaningless"trust bustings" (e.g. Northern Securities in 1903)to try to stave off popular discontent.
His portray of Woodrow Wilson is rather interesting. Throughout the book he engaged in laborious dissection of the personalities of the prime characters in this book trying to discover the basis for their policies. He portrays Woodrow Wilson with something bordering sympathy: an idealistic loner who was simply carried away by forces out of his control. The U.S. got out of the recession of 1914 by supplying the allies in World War one with war materials. Thus American business developed a substantial interest in seeing the allies prevail, even when the British were enaging in extensive harrassment of American shipping; Wilson kept silent over this but, of course, got into a hot lather over sea violations by Germany which was being strangled to death by the British navy. He portrays Wilson as being deeply disturbed at having to enter the war and feared for what Hofstadter vaguely refers to as an attack on the constitution. I think he is refering to the red scare and anti-german hysteria launched by the Wilson administration; the jailing of Eugene Debs by the man whom one of the reviewers below oddly terms one of the "liberal icons of the left."--I have a feeling that the reviewer knows little about the actual "left." Anyway Hofstadter discusses Wilson's idealistic efforts during the Versailles treaty, severely handicapped by the European powers. Of course, one might ask, though Hofstadter does not, what Wilson was doing as he was reinstituing virtual slavery in Haiti and conducting an extremely racist and brutal occupation of the Dominican Republic.
Anyway Hofstadter ends with a discussion of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt. The "prosperity" of the 1920's with its unrestrained capitalist economic policies created the usual conditions for a depression (sort of similar to current times): saturated markets leading to speculative bubbles, debt ridden export markets, consumer spending unable to keep pace with the expanding economy and so on. Once the depression came on, Hoover rigidly preached rugged individualism and self-reliance to the poor people clamoring for federal government relief, something that he had not preached to big business while handing out subsidies and exorbitant tax breaks while secretary of commerce in the Harding and Coolidge administrations. Anyway, he got kicked and Franklin Roosevelt came in and took off the rough edges of the depression but did not actually end it (indeed it reappeared strongly in 1937-38 after the administration's austerity program) until World War two economic policies were implemented.
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The tension between elite and non-elite attitudes is most pronounced with respect to religious belief. While our society admittedly is increasingly pluralistic, "the democratic reality, even, if you will, the raw demographic reality," as Father Neuhaus has observed, "is that most Americans derive their values and visions from the biblical tradition." Yet, Lasch points out, elite attitudes towards religion are increasingly hostile: "A skeptical, iconoclastic state of mind is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the knowledge classes. ... The elites' attitude to religion ranges from indifference to active hostility." (215)
Lash claims that the divergence in elite and non-elite attitudes is troubling for the future of democracy. Its hard for me to gainsay him. Yet, while "The Revolt of the Elites" is sobering - even a tad depressing - it deserves to be read even more widely than it has been. Lasch is no partisan. Conservative proponents of unfettered capitalism get bashed about the head by Lasch just as much as liberal critics of capitalism. Populists will find themselves nodding in agreement with some sections, while communitarians will concur with other sections. About the only folks who will be offended by all of "The Revolt of the Elites" are hardened libertarians and extreme left-liberals. Highly recommended.
This reframing of America's social decline is consistant with the views of many prominant social conservatives and anti-globalists. As such, it draws much criticism from groups who have a stake in the economic changes that have taken root over the past thirty-years.
Despite the average rating of this book, open-minded readers will find Lasch's work to be well thought-out, convincing, and a pleasure to read.
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Lasch, the son-in-law of the liberal American historian Henry Commager, belonged to the post WWII generation of historians which searched for more objective ways to tell history than the progressive historians and writers such as Parrington and Croly, and the generation immediately afterwards, for example, Commager. Best known for his "The Culture of Narcissism," the "New Radicalism in America" is the work of a young historian attempting a critique of the grand, sweeping style of earlier generations, and to tell a story of a rise of a new class of personage on the public stage in America: the intellectual.
The intellectual in America rose out of the ashes of Victorianism. Its earliest avatars came from the bourgeoisie, appalled at the stifling, stunted one-dimensional roles assigned to their parents: the father as breadwinner, the predatory male who proved his fitness in the Spencerian business world, the mother who stayed home to create a haven in a heartless world for her husband and children, and who, as such was the arbiter of Victorian genteel culture and the inculcator of the social graces. For the daughters of the last generation of Victorians, such as Jane Addams and Mabel Dodge, the urge to strike through the pasteboard mask of the cult of Victorian womanhood was an almost physical necessity. Addams, observing a bullfight in Spain during a grand tour of Europe, was moved to finally act upon her sense of the emptiness of her position, and taking a cue from the early example of the settlement movement, went back Chicago and set up Hull House. Mabel Dodge, a banker's daughter from Buffalo, set up a salon in Greenwich Village and played the Grande dame to the era's intellectuals, socialists, union organizers, and writers. Going through husbands at a fairly rapid clip, she eventually moved to Taos, New Mexico and managed to get D.H. Lawrence and his wife to come to stay at her retreat. Narcissistic to the core, she embodies the free sexuality of the "new woman," who used the parlor as Victorians would never have used it: as a ring for clashing ideas.
Randolph Bourne, who frequented Dodge's salon along with cultural critics such as Waldo Frank, Van Wyck Brooks, John Dos Passos, and Walter Lippmann, wrote about the Young Americans who believed that they could create a new world starting with the new model of public education proposed by John Dewey. He eventually fell out with Dewey over WWI, refusing to accept Dewey's argument that the war was necessary to pave the way for the pragmatic administration of elites who would bring the world closer to a rational state. Bourne comes off here as a prototype of the 60s cultural critic -- rejecting earlier radical's accommodation to power in the Wilson administration.
These new radicals diverged from earlier American traditions of philosophy and religion which tended to either support those in power, or whose criticisms were expressed in the political arena. The post-Victorians attack on the moribund culture they were intended to inherit was truly new. We can see its reverberations today in the emphasis on the cultural critique as the preferred technique of today's post-modernists. These new radicals believed that by destroying the genteel tradition, by discovering and promoting native traditions or importing a more humanistic culture from Europe, they could throw a wrench into the dehumanizing dynamo of American industrialism and the debased high culture which served as the other pole of its debased dialectic.
These histories of intellectuals from the 1960s, such as "Anti-Intellectualism in American Life" by Richard Holfstadter, and "Men of Ideas" by Lewis Coser, are the histories of dead white men. They concentrate on telling of the growth of the intellectual class, their repeated induction into puissance and its gratifying perquisites, and their repulsion from power back to the margins. For a book that is now two generations removed from the fashionable currents of today, it remains remarkably fresh. Unlike so many writers of and on history now, who are so throttled by the theory and the malign influence of the first wave of post-modern critics that they do not dare write for a popular audience, Lasch writes to inform, to educate, and to provoke. Those whose retreat into academia a generation later and who generated a self-protective haze of obfuscation over their works, should consider ripping off that pasteboard mask (Melville), and forget their "knowingness." Write boldly. Attack directly. Remember that white males created the discourse in earlier times and that learning about those who rebelled against the narrowness the genteel tradition at the turn of the century in books such as this might actually be of some use in this post-modern era which cries out for political engagement. Read Randolph Bourne.
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Despite all the talk about the dynamic nature of the patriarchy and renaissance drama, the main gripe of WOMEN is that feminism sold its soul for a mess of pottage. Primarily through comparison of Friedan's FEMININE MYSTIQUE and Goodman's GROWING UP ABSURD, Lasch reveals that feminism was uniquely poised to furnish a broad assault on the predatory capitalism, cheap consumerism and therapeutic stupor that has descended over the American scene. Instead, feminists all too frequently seek only to alter the rules so women too can gain entry into the careerist trap.
One senses that Lasch may have invested intellectually in feminism, hoping it would be the crucible for a revivified Jeffersonian agrarianism, but was subsequently let down. Perhaps because of this, feminism suffers the same excoriation as most other stripes of liberalism throughout Lasch's work. In any event, he has feminists dead to rights when he points out that a truly feminist, truly radical critique of American civilization would have sought to undermine, for the good of women, men and children, the gluttonous and heedless consumerism which so characterizes it. Far from missing the critical insights of feminism, Lasch eloquently argues that it is the feminists, particularly Friedan, who have forgotten their own insights, content to sacrifice their integrity on the altar of materialist fixation. In this tome, Lasch's reputation for erudition remains secure, and even tumesces in the ingenuity of its application through critical intelligence, and, notably, in a subtlety of argument not always present in previous work.
This book is crucial reading to those who find themselves inexorably compelled by feminist ideals, but who find it impossible to discover those ideals inhabiting any portion of the contemporary feminist landscape.
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In addition, the first 30 or so pages are actually a biography of the author (who died a few years ago) by one of his colleagues. Perhaps to someone researching Lasch himself (who was, admittedly, a renown academic) this material would be interesting, but it isn't in the context of language reference.
Find out why CORNEL WEST, HARVARD (NOW PRINCETON) philosophy professor calls the author Elixxir FIRST RATE! ORIGINAL...RAZOR-SHARP."
If indeed our fear of Death and our desire for Immortality are as unquenchable as Brown rightly points out, then we shall never reconcile with Death, The Immortalist Manifesto argues. But instead humanity will track it down as "the last enemy" to be conquered. Only when Death is vanquished shall we be free from the bondage of Alienation, Repression, and Oppression.
The Big Book we've been waiting for. Unlike Brown's book, which is great for intellectuals, The immortalist Manifesto has the intellectual prowess but also the potential to change the world. And as someone :) said, the point is not only to interpret the world but to change it!