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Henry's wife, Sydney Robertson Cowell (also a musicologist), supressed much information surrounding Cowell, in part -- no doubt -- based on his arrest in the 1930s on morals charges. Archives in New York City's Library became available to public eyes for the first time last year (2002). Hicks was able to take advantage of this fortuitous event and assemble an entertaining, informative, and new look at one of America's most prolific and eclectic composers.




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The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485 begins with 23 pages of background material to the wars, and then plunges into the main campaign narrative, of 31 pages. The volume includes nine strategic maps of the main campaigns, as well as an excellent bibliography. Throughout this volume, the author is hindered by the paucity of surviving details about these conflicts; as he notes, there are no surviving muster lists from any of the campaigns, which makes it estimation of the size and composition of the opposing armies guesswork. Nor is there are any detailed information on casualties, economic costs and even the locations of the major battles are debatable. Furthermore, the subject is hardly compelling to modern readers. As Professor Hicks notes, the wars had little impact on the English population at large, society or the economy. Unlike the Hundred Years War, there was no "scorched earth" tactics or pillaging by marauding armies to ravage the land and people. Instead, the Wars of the Roses were a series of extremely brief campaigns, fought by less than 1% of the population and affecting primarily the noble classes.
Militarily, the Wars of the Roses stands out since at a time when methodical siege warfare was popular, the warring English factions consistently sought to settle their political differences with short maneuver campaigns leading to a decisive battle. Indeed, virtually all of the battles ended in "winner-take-all" circumstances, with the losers forced to disperse and flee or face execution. Nor were there any serious attempts at negotiations between the warring factions, since the long period of political debate that had preceded the conflict had proved so fruitless. However the armies in the Wars of the Roses were second-rate by continental standards, poorly armed and virtually untrained, and the author notes that these wars held no lessons for military theory or practice.
The author notes that the Tudors, who were the eventual victors in these wars, learned four main strategic lessons that were taken to heart. These lessons were (1) invasions must be prevented at all costs, (2) keep internal and external foes divided, (3) prevent regular English troops from being used against the regime and (4) prevent domestic dissent from escalating by "a mixture of conciliation, deterrent and propaganda, so that Englishmen learn to regard resistance and rebellion as wrong." Overall, this volume is a tough read, but it gives good insight into how nasty medieval dynastic struggles could become and how protracted struggles evolve over time.

