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"The Penguin Atlas of British & Irish History" is the exact opposite. There's an original full-color map on every page. The atlas covers the whole length of British history from the Ice Age to the Chunnel. The maps are very well made and detailed, alternating between overviews of the whole of the British Isles and close-ups of particular cities, regions, and topics. One particularly nice touch is original panoramic reconstructions of historic sites including: Roman-era London, Viking-era York, Medieval Norwich, Tudor-era London, 18th-century Dublin and Edinburgh, 19th-century Manchester, and contemporary London...
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One could look at this book as a war between man and nature on a grand scale. When mankind was the species that dominated all others, nature was driven back, "suppressed", or killed in the name of progress. When the tables are suddenly turned, it looks as if mankind is in decline. As the years pass, dead cities are slowly disappearing, turning into jungles as nature takes hold. In a matter of time nature will take over completely and the triffids will be the new inheritors. Unless the human race can fight back and reassert itself.
I have lost count of how many times I have read this book. I am 23 and the story is just as effective now as it was when I first read it. I like seeing all the different cover artwork that people have done for this book. The fact that it's been reprinted so many times is proof that this novel shows no sign of losing its popularity.
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The relationship between the two brothers, and the dynamic political partnership it generated, was one of the most important in American politics.
This is the subject of Richard Mahoney's Sons and Brothers. But the book also documents their father Joe's relationship with the corrupt worlds of the mafia, the labour unions and J. Edgar Hoover's FBI.
Although the research is copious, there are no revelations. The author draws on the work and ideas of conspiracy kings Anthony Summers (The Arrogance of Power) and Seymour Hersh (The Dark Side of Camelot), while the controversial movie director Oliver Stone gets a thank you in the acknowledgments.
While they were growing up, John and Robert were not particularly close. After the death of their older brother, Joe jnr, during World War II (and sister Kathleen a few years later) the family's political prospects rested with John. The brothers' relationship became close: Robert managed John's 1952 Senate campaign, his ill-fated bid for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination in 1956 and his run for the presidency in 1960.
Following the Kennedy win, the new president - and his father - wanted Robert as attorney-general. Robert protested but in the end John's desire for someone he could trust won out. Anticipating criticism over the appointment, John explained to the press: "I can't see that it's wrong to give him a little legal experience before he goes out to practise law."
Robert was an activist attorney-general, tackling problems like the civil rights movement, the mafia underworld and the corruption endemic in many of the labour unions. He was also included in all the administration's important decisions; his access to and influence over his brother was unmatched.
After hearing for the first time that the Soviet Union was building nuclear missile sites in Cuba, it was his brother that the president immediately summoned to the White House. In the ensuing days of the crisis, Robert played an integral role in securing a peaceful outcome.
But the darker side of the brothers' lives is also examined. Mahoney uses FBI reports to describe John's and his father's numerous sexual escapades, and claims that Robert strayed only once with Marilyn Monroe.
The Kennedy connection to the mob is not a new allegation, but Mahoney emphasises its depth: in the 1960 presidential election, for example, he explains how the Kennedys used the Mob already a major financial contributor to falsify ballots and buy votes.
In addition, he claims that Democratic Party bosses in Chicago and New York "periodically received briefcases full of campaign money" from Joe in return for political favours. A portrait emerges of a father and his two sons negotiating their way through American politics to power, using their connections with Hollywood, the mafia, the unions and party bosses to achieve their ambition.
Conscious of Machiavelli's dictum that men "seldom or never advance themselves from a small beginning to any great height except by fraud or force", Joe Kennedy knew that the price for power was a moral one. John went along with the dictum while Robert resisted it.
Mahoney's overarching theme builds to a climax through the nexus he develops between the Kennedys, the mafia and the CIA. Essentially, his thesis is that the mafia grew resentful of Robert's pursuit of it; that anti-Castro Cubans were frustrated with the administration's apparent detente with Cuba in the wake of the missile crisis; and that the CIA had a contract with the mafia to assassinate Castro.
He suggests that the CIA hired mafia figure and Kennedy acquaintance Johnny Rosselli to assassinate the Cuban leader, and that both John and Robert approved of the arrangement.
Mahoney writes that it was the Kennedys' pursuit of Castro that led Cuba to seek protection from the Soviet Union, which eventually led to the crisis and the showdown between Kennedy and the Soviet leader Khrushchev.
Robert was deeply traumatised by John's death. Mahoney describes him as "like a widowed spouse" who was paralysed by grief. He was haunted by the idea that he himself had contributed to the murder of his brother, given his pursuit of Castro, the mafia and his bad relations with Hoover.
Robert's rising political star had been hitched to his brother's; but under Lyndon Johnson's presidency, he became an outsider.
Tortured by his brother's death and their unfulfilled legacy, Robert ran successfully for the Senate in 1964 and later for the presidency in 1968. He became a fierce critic of the Johnson administration's policies on Vietnam, civil rights and poverty.
Sons and Brothers is well written and documented but the author does not discuss in depth the nature of the brothers' personal relationship beyond the politics. John and Robert's iconic status was enhanced by their sudden and violent deaths. Their lives are now frozen in time remembered for the dream of what they might have been.
As Robert exited through the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel after claiming victory in the 1968 California Democratic presidential primary, he was gunned down. Lying on the floor losing consciousness, his last words to an aide were, "Jack, Jack."
* This review was published in The Sydney Morning Herald
After the background is set, the drama unfolds. The John Kennedy's campaign for the Presidency can be viewed as the planting of the mortiferous seeds that will grow into the misfortune or Jack and Bobby. The role of the Mafia and corrupt union leaders at the solicitation of Joe Kennedy is undeniable. During the Presidency of John Kennedy, Robert is appointed Attorney General of The United States, the zealous catholic altar boy launch a campaign against evil forces that are threatening the very fiber of America: the mobsters, the Mafia, and the CIA and FBI officials hostages of criminals through blackmail. The international front offers a discouraging view; Communism appears to be at the offensive and winning, with Cuba as its latest conquest. The anti-Communist crusade creates its own demons, it's a dirty war and it requires dirty alliances against Castro. The inexperience and miscalculations of John Kennedy lead him to the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs and the almost armageddonic Cuban nuclear missiles crisis. This crisis puts John Kennedy at a higher plane of understanding; it is the survival of humanity what is at stake. He needs to re-think the approach to the opposing super-power, compromise is the only solution, and this compromise mandates the abandonment of the Cuban cause. This divorce from the reactionary forces reigning within and outside the government at this historical period sealed his martyrdom.
The description of "Bobby alone" is epic. The different pressures, psychological and social, that determined his faith are exposed. Psychologically, his apparent sense of guilt for the death of his brother, and socially, pressure from the forgotten Americans: the poor American families receiving body bags from Vietnam, the black population struggling to put an end to segregation, the migratory farm workers fighting against mediaeval working conditions, native Americans extinguishing in Indian reservations, the growing rebellion of the American youth. The masses are demanding change and they appear to have adopted a new champion. Robert is now free from his father and brother ghosts. He embarks in a quasi-mystical mission for change. The exercise of power that he proposes has been progressively and dangerously transformed into a tool of social change. Robert Kennedy's candidacy for the presidency of the United States was a frontal assault on the very same forces that murdered his brother, and he consciously accepted his destiny. The California primary win gave the green light to the wolf pack to go for the kill. At the end, little room is left for doubt or speculation. Rosselli, Giancana, Marcelo, Oswald, Sirham, Hoover, Ruby, Johnson, and the many others mentioned in the book, come together in a murderous constellation. The reader can draw the connecting lines between the "stars" as he or she wishes, the ultimate result will be the same: The Kennedy brothers' destiny was sealed: Saturn has devoured his own children.
The literary quotes and fragments of poetry depicted in the book were of great interest to me. It was like having a minuscule sample of the precious fuel that kept the Kennedy's intellectual flames alive, and how these flames where amplified and exposed to the masses of this country in the form of a collective dream. Probably the sudden destruction of this dream, of this promise, explains to certain extent the unresolved collective trauma of the Kennedy brothers' assassination.
I highly recommend this book for its historical and literary merits.
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If you read Christopher Tolkien's works on his father's "Lord of the Rings," you see the work created before you. You can see how a character developed, how a plot changed. In "Working Days" there is none of that. It is simply repetitive admonitions to himself to work harder. It became tedious and a great many times I wondered if the editor had simply repeated previous entries and only changed their number.
"Working Days" is interesting, but don't be fooled into thinking you are going to be there at the birth of a great novel.
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