delving into the successes brought on by the most eminent enterpreneurial minorities, daniel chirot and anthony reid compile interesting accounts of the hardships faced by the chinese and jews settling in foreign communities. consequently, the editors offer a book which is more than a tedious and detailed narrative; rather, chirot and reid give a rich, sensitive and sympathetic blend of history and personal stories, portraying these "outsiders" with the respect they richly deserve.

This book adds significantly to the far too small literature attempting to explain today's worldwide epidemic of genocide and ethnic violence. My generation believed we had ended all that by defeating the Nazis. Not so; there have been a couple of dozen major genocides since, and countless minor massacres. The book at hand is a collection of chapters by psychologists (and a few other social scientists). Most of the explanatory material is taken from the area of psychology best developed in this regard: the research on categorization, stereotyping, and stigmatizing. Among the best chapters is one by Erwin Staub, who has done some of the very finest research on genocide.
An important part of this book is a series of studies of situations that did NOT turn into genocide, in spite of having the potential to do so: South Africa, the southern US.... Now ironic is the inclusion of Israel; this book was written before the recent horrors. However, the chapter is valuable; it attributes the success of Israel to precisely those features that Sharon abolished. Sure enough--Sharon abolished them, and ethnic violence blew up...
The book under review emphasizes solutions. Notable among these is the absolute, desperate need for the world community of nations to intervene! ...
In any case, anyone concerned with genocide and ethnic war should read this book. It is thought-provoking and important.

Chirot starts off fairly well, with a good discussion of different views of tyranny. Even his detailed descriptions of Hitler's and Stalin's regimes also include some interesting analyses on their similarities and differences. But in his descriptions (and they are just that, with virtually no effort at analysis) of two African regimes, Iraq and Argentina, and Duvalier in Haiti and Trujillo in the D.R. are shallow and perfunctory. At the end, he completely runs out of steam. The concluding chapter, which purports to put forward some "formal propositions", does not even attempt to draw together the material from the various case studies, and confines itself to rather sophomoric generalizations.

Furthermore, Chirot has a pointless and distasteful habit of relating the prurient details of these tyrants' personal lives.

A research assistant could have put together most of this book, as the bulk of it simply recapitulates various secondary sources. Not much analysis here, even for undergraduates, and it's a waste of time for grad students.

Chirot's text is a study of various tyrannies that took root during the twentieth-century. Although his primary focus is on those regimes most would not rationally have difficulty accepting as tyrannies (Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot), he does accept that there existed various government regimes throughout the last century (Pinochet, Ataturk, Franco) sitting on the 'periphery' of his classificatory scheme: depending on whether one chooses to critique the states' ultimate accomplishments or the means they used to get there, one could make a strong argument either way. A fuller discussion of these borderline regimes and their corresponding features would have been enlightening, but Chirot, understandably, explains that these considerations needlessly broaden the text's project. I also note a reviewer's commentary that s/he wished there had been less concern with the tyrants' personal lives. Although I agree that this practice sometimes veers into the tabloid-esque and challenges the seriousness and scholarly tone of the text (anyone want to know how many ties Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo had in his personal collection?), it is instructive to see that tyrants were, in fact, people capable of the same personal failings as the rest of us. With respect to tyrannies bent on realizing a given ideology, the fact that even the ruler deviated from the very standards that his/her subjects was forced to observe demonstrated the impracticability and inhumanity of their rule.

More than a plodding historical survey of twentieth-century tyranny, Chirot seeks to ask why the Hitlers and the Stalins arose when they did. This question prompts him to consider tyranny not as a unique and static phenomenon but, rather, a result of emerging ways of thinking that materialized out of the West during the nineteenth century. In particular, the superiority granted to the discourse of science and its findings led to a chain of circumstances (decentring of God, social Darwinism, colonialism) that informed not only how nation-states were governed, but also the rationalizations for governance. Chirot makes a strong case that since the rise of tyranny in the twentieth-century nation was largely a product of identical emerging discourses, many tyrannies shared not only the same features, but also evolved in similar ways.

Buttressing these features is the discourse of science; its emphasis on logic and absoluteness compels the (potential) despot to rule according to the 'tyranny of certitude.' For example, Marxism, which many influential thinkers believed was the science of history, provided the impetus for Stalin, Pol Pot, Chairman Mao, Kim Il Sung and many others to construct a brutal, rigid and unyielding understanding of social organization. No matter the countless atrocities they committed in following their road map, such rulers 'knew' that their scientific construction of politics would eventually give rise to a social utopia and allow a formerly great people to realize their place in the world. That these policies left the countries in much worse shape than when the leaders assumed control is a cruel and poignant irony.

Pick this book up. It is a fascinating and enlightening read.

Chirot exposes some of the underpinnings that made the 20th century the bloodbath that it was.From the growing belief that scientific engineering could improve humans and possibly create Utopia;from the disjointedness and rootlessness that created a growing alienation with the trappings of modern life and the myths and hopes of a return to a slower-paced,more tribalistic,golden-age Utopianism;from the political charlatans who stepped into this morass to exploit it to their advantage.It's all here in great detail and erudition.Chirot ends the book with a not so comforting thought:that as long as there are masses of dissatisfied people there will be amoral madmen who will come and try to rally them.One disappointment with the book is that Chirot barely adresses the intellectual lights who advocated and willfully ignored the atrocities of the regimes they supported.From Shaw,Heidegger,Russell and their ilk,Chirot hardly acknowledges the role these men played in making the worst tyranny and madness imaginable intellectually palatable to the public.A wonderful book on this subject is_The treason of the intellectuals_by Julien Benda.